Sdt 650

The molecular arrangement was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Jasco 4700 Spectrophotometer, Jasco, Oklahoma City, OK, USA) using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory and determining the main peaks in the 2000–800 cm⁻¹ region. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, SDT 650, TA instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) was performed under oxygen flow (50 mL min⁻¹) up to a temperature of 800 K increased in steps of 5 K min⁻¹. Morphological features were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quanta FEI 650FEG), also used to observe the atomic distribution of components by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The BET (Brunauer–Emmet–Teller) surface area (S_a), the BJH (Barrett–Joyner–Halenda), and cumulative adsorption pore volume between 1.7–300 nm (V_p) were determined by collecting N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K (ASAP 2020, Micromeritics Inc., Norcross, GA, USA), after degassing the samples at 393 K for 20 h. The zeta potential values of the different bare components and nanocomposite were measured in aqueous suspensions (10 mg L⁻¹) in the 2–8 pH range, adjusted with HNO₃, using Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS equipment (Malvern, UK).

All the investigated carbons were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis in the range 30–850 °C, in air flow, and with a heating rate of 10 °C/min (SDT 650, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). The produced biochars (namely SPBCP and SPBCG) were also characterized in terms of textural properties. In this regard, the specific surface area (SSA) of the produced samples were obtained by adopting the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller model (B.E.T.) to nitrogen adsorption isotherms performed at 77 K with an ASAP 2020 Micromeritics instrument. In particular, the B.E.T. was applied in the P/P° range 0.01–0.1 in order to obtain a positive C-value, which is exponentially related to the adsorption energy of the monolayer [33 (link)]. Total pore volume was calculated at P/P° = 0.99. Pore size distribution was determined by Non-Local Density Functional Theory (NLDFT) by using MicroActive Version 4.06 software (Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA) and by adopting an available model for carbon slit-shape pores. Before the analysis, the investigated samples were degassed, by heating at 300 °C, at a rate of 5 °C min⁻¹, under a high vacuum (<10⁻⁸ mbar) for 12 h. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the investigated samples were collected by a scanning electron microscope (FEI model Inspect, ThermoFisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, USA).

A ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) Nicolet iS 10 FTIR spectrometer was used for FTIR characterizations. 1D ¹H and ¹³C NMR were performed using a Bruker (Billerica, MA, USA) Avance 300 MHz NMR spectrometer, while 2D ¹H-¹H COSY and ¹H-¹³C HMBC NMR were performed on a Bruker (Billerica, MA, USA) Avance 600 MHz NMR. All NMR spectra were collected in D₂O. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using a TA Instruments (New Castle, DE, USA) simultaneous thermal analyser (SDT 650) under nitrogen atmosphere. Data were collected from 30 to 800°C at a heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹ after water was removed through equilibration at 110°C for 4 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained in backscatter mode using a Phenom ProX SEM (Phenom-World B.V., Eindhoven, Netherlands).

The
thermal stability, the mass fraction
of IL in the loaded sample, and the values of CO₂ desorption
heat for [Bmim][Ac], SAPO-34, and SAPO-34-IL were determined using
TGA and DSC (TA, SDT650). The samples were heated from room temperature
to 373 K at 10 K min^–1 under 50 mL min^–1 nitrogen (N₂) atmosphere until no significant weight
loss was observed and then heated to 673 K at 10 K min^–1. The decomposition temperatures of pure and loaded IL, as well as
the loading of IL were calculated using thermogravimetric (TG) curves
and derivative TG curves. Additionally, the CO₂ desorption
heat was obtained from the DSC heat flow curve of the CO₂ sorption.

The FTIR spectra of the modified nanoparticles and films were recorded using an Agilent Cary 660 instrument. The analysis was carried out using an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) mode in 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹. The thermogravimetric analysis was carried out with the help of differential scanning calorimeter equipment from TA instruments, model SDT 650, with a simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer. The analysis was conducted with a 10 °C/min ramp in a temperature range of 25–600 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere.