Antipyrine, cimetidine, clotrimazole, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen hydrochloride, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, ketoprofen, maleic acid, (+/−)-metoprolol-(+)-tartrate, (+/−)-norverapamil hydrochloride, piroxicam, tamoxifen, terbutaline hemisulfate and (+/−)-verapamil hydrochloride 99% were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); (+/−)-propranolol hydrochloride and ranitidine hydrochloride were obtained from Alfa Aesar GmbH & Co KG (Karlsruhe, Germany), and carbamazepine was purchased from Acros Organics (New Jersey, USA). Midazolam and α-hydroxyMidazolam were purchased from Lipomed AG (Arlesheim, Switzerland), and agar, calcium chloride dihydrate, glucose hydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate monobasic and sodium hydrogencarbonate were obtained from Hänseler AG (Herisau, Switzerland). Sodium taurocholate was purchased from Prodotti Chimici e Alimentari S.p.A., (Basaluzzo, Italy) and lecithin (grade EPCS > 98% phospholipids) was obtained from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany).
Clotrimazole
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Brazil, Spain
Clotrimazole is an antifungal agent used in laboratory settings. It is effective against a variety of fungal species and is commonly used for the identification and study of fungal organisms.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Itraconazole, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Ketoconazole, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Fluconazole, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Amphotericin b, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Miconazole, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Voriconazole, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions)
Doxorubicin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Posaconazole, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Nystatin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Tween 20, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Primidone, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sb203580, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Nifedipine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ckx31, by Olympus (3 mentions)
Acetyl methylcholine chloride, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Enrofloxacin, by Bayer (3 mentions)
83 protocols using clotrimazole
1
In Vitro Solubility Screening Compounds
2
Melanoma Cell Lines: Culture Conditions
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Human melanoma cell lines SK-MEL-28 and A375 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). SK-MEL-28 and A375 were grown, respectively, in Minimum Essential medium Eagle (MEM; Hyclone, South Logan, UT, USA) and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Hyclone) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Hyclone), 2 mM L-glutamine and 100 mM penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Miconazole nitrate was from CliniSciences (Paris, France) and was diluted in DMSO at 10 mM mother solution, as previously reported [28 (link)]. Clotrimazole was from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and was diluted in DMSO at 25 mM, mother solution.
3
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia spp.
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Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using a broth microdilution method as described by Leong et al. (10 (link)). Briefly, 200× drug stock dilutions were prepared at a 2× concentration in fresh OptiMAL medium. Amphotericin B, terbinafine, clotrimazole, miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, and ketoconazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Singapore. Stock and drug plate dilutions were prepared in accordance with CLSI and EUCAST guidelines. Yeast inocula were obtained from 4- to 7-day-old strains of Malassezia spp. A 50-μl yeast inoculum was added to 50 μl of 2× concentrated antifungals to achieve a final cell density of 5 × 103 to 5 × 104 CFU/ml. A 10-μl portion of 2× yeast inoculum that had been diluted 10 times was also plated onto a modified Leeming-Notman agar plate and incubated for 4 to 7 days at 35°C for postverification of the CFU inoculum (10 to 100 colonies per 10 μl). Each assay was performed in triplicate plates for a single culture at every individual time point or reading.
4
Solubilization of Pharmacological Agents
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Isoproterenol, clotrimazole, and E‐4031 were purchased from Sigma, while ZD‐7288 and TRAM‐34 were from Tocris. For in vivo telemetric recordings, TRAM‐34 was solubilized into peanut oil, while clotrimazole was prepared in peanut oil supplemented with 1% ethanol.
5
Dissolution and Dilution of Modulators
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All modulators were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), if not indicated otherwise. Dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations in the final solution never exceeded 0.14% at the highest test concentration of the respective modulator and were further reduced by serial dilution of the compounds. Pregnenolone sulfate, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), CFA (containing 1 mg·mL−1 of heat-killed and dried mycobacterium), diclofenac, maprotiline, primidone, and clotrimazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Deisenhofen, Germany). For behavioural studies, primidone was suspended in 0.5% Tween 20 (Sigma-Aldrich) which was also used as vehicle control.
6
Lipid-based Formulation Development
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Lecithin and glycerol were purchased from Galeno (Potenza, Italy). Clotrimazole, ethanol, and all the other products of analytical grade were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Cell medium, fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, and all the other reagents for cell studies were purchased from Life Technologies Europe (Monza, Italy).
7
Solubility and Permeability Optimization
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Atazanavir and lopinavir were purchased from
ChemShuttle (Wuxi, China), and clotrimazole was purchased from Sigma
Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium
phosphate dibasic dihydrate, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Soy PC (l -α-phosphatidylcholine,
95%) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). High-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade solvents including methanol and
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hills,
MA), whereas HPLC-grade acetonitrile and n-dodecane
were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
acetate succinate (HPMCAS) HF grade was a generous gift from Shin-Etsu
(Tokyo, Japan). Reverse osmosis water with a resistivity value of
18 MΩ or higher was used. All other chemicals were purchased
from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Sodium phosphate buffer
solutions of pH 6.5 with an ionic strength of 50 mM were prepared
by dissolving 4.434 g of Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate and
3.186 g of sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate in 1 L of water.
ChemShuttle (Wuxi, China), and clotrimazole was purchased from Sigma
Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium
phosphate dibasic dihydrate, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Soy PC (
95%) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). High-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade solvents including methanol and
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hills,
MA), whereas HPLC-grade acetonitrile and n-dodecane
were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
acetate succinate (HPMCAS) HF grade was a generous gift from Shin-Etsu
(Tokyo, Japan). Reverse osmosis water with a resistivity value of
18 MΩ or higher was used. All other chemicals were purchased
from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Sodium phosphate buffer
solutions of pH 6.5 with an ionic strength of 50 mM were prepared
by dissolving 4.434 g of Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate and
3.186 g of sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate in 1 L of water.
8
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Protocol
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The in vitro susceptibility was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (CLSI M27-S3 2008 ; CLSI M27-S4 2012 ). Briefly, final inocula of 0.5×103 to 2.5×103 colony-forming units/ml were distributed in 96 well microtiter plates in RPMI 1640 medium buffered to pH 7.0 with 0.165M morpholinepropanesulfonic acid with diluted antifungal drugs and incubated at 35 °C. The antifungals used were amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, and clotrimazole (Sigma, Germany), and all tests were duplicated. C. glabrata CBS 138 was used as quality control strain. According to CLSI M27-S3 criteria for fluconazole, the sensitivity profile is classified as sensitive (≤8 μg/ml), dose-dependent sensitive (16–32 μg/ml), and resistant (≥64 μg/ml), and breakpoints for itraconazole is sensitive (≤0.125 μg/ml), dose-dependent sensitive (0.25–0.5 μg/ml), and resistant (≥1 μg/ml).
9
Malaria Parasite Cytotoxicity Assay
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Fast Blue BB salt, hypoxanthine, Triton X-100, thiobarbituric acid, trichloroacetic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), bovine serum albumin, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl bromide (MTT), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), D-sorbitol, acridine orange, ethidium bromide, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), glutathione disulfide, glutathione reductase, o-phthalaldehyde, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), chloroquine diphosphate, artesunate, and clotrimazole were purchased form Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States), and Albumax II, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1,640 (RPMI-1640), Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and fungizone were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, United States). Griess reagent kit, chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H2DCFDA), and SYBR Green qPCR super mix were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, United States). MitoScreen Flow Cytometry kit (Cat No.551302) and APO-BrdU apoptosis detection kit (Cat No. 556381) were obtained from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ, United States).
10
Quantifying Antioxidant Capacity of AgNO3 Solutions
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Silver nitrate, AgNO3, was obtained from VBBN Company (Hong Kong, China, 99.9% purity) and was used without purification. The stock solution of 1.0 M was prepared by adding 16.9 mg of AgNO3 crystals into one liter of distilled water. Ammonium molybdate reagent and hydrated ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The following chemicals were purchased: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl reagent (DPPH), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), gallic acid, and Trolox (Sigma, USA). Standard control pure powders of chloramphenicol (2.5 mg/mL) and clotrimazole (5 mg/mL) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The remainder of the chemicals, solvents, and reagents utilized in this investigation were of analytical quality and were obtained from local Saudi companies.
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