We performed HRV analysis based on directives from the Task Force guidelines [6 (link)]. Specific details of HRV analysis have been previously documented [23 (link), 24 (link)].
HRV was analyzed in the time (RMSSD: root-mean square of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals, SDNN: standard deviation of all normal RR intervals) and frequency domain (LF: low frequency band ranging from 0.04 to 0.15, HF: high frequency band ranging from 0.15 to 0.4) in absolute units. HRV analysis also included approximate entropy (ApEn) and the Poincaré plot (SD1: standard deviation of the instantaneous variability of the beat-to-beat heart rate, SD2: standard deviation of long-term continuous RR interval variability) [6 (link)].
We employed the Kubios® HRV v. 2.0 software to compute these indices [25 (link)].