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27 protocols using cl075

1

Stimulation of Dendritic Cells with Diverse Immune Modulators

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Enriched blood DCs or sorted cord blood cDCs were resuspended at 1×106 cells/mL, PBMCs or tumor digests were resuspended at 5–10×106 cells/mL in DC medium (RPMI GlutaMAX, Gibco, #72 400–021, 1% human serum, Sigma, #H4522, 1% Pen/Strep). 1×105 cells (enriched blood DCs or sorted cord blood cDCs) or 0.5–1×106 cells (PBMCs or tumor digests) in 200 µL/well were treated with the indicated stimuli in a 96-well plate at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. For DC activation in the presence of tumor-conditioned medium, 1:1 diluted supernatant from a 6-hour culture of patient-derived tumor digest in DC medium or a 2-day culture of COR-L105 tumor cell line (ECACC, #92031918) in RPMI GlutaMAX, 10% FBS, 1% Pen/Strep was added to sorted cord blood cDCs during stimulation. The following concentrations were used: 10'000 U/mL huIFN-α (R&D, #11100–1), 10'000 U/mL huIFN-β (R&D, #8499-IF-010), 1 µg/mL huIFN-λ (R&D, #1598-IL-025), 50'000 U/mL huIFN-γ (PeproTech, #300–02), 1 µg/mL Pam3CSK4 (Invivogen, #vac-pms), 10 µg/mL Poly(I:C) (Invivogen, #vac-pic), 0.1 µg/mL LPS (Sigma, #L2880), 1 µM TL8-506 (Invivogen, #tlrl-tl8506), 10 µM CL075 (Invivogen, #tlrl-c75), 10 µM R848 (Invivogen, #vac-r848), 10 µg/mL ssRNA40 (Invivogen, #tlrl-lrna40), 10 µg/mL 2’3’-cGAM(PS)2(Rp/Sp) (Invivogen, #tlrl-nacga2srs).
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2

Innate Immune Response to Bacterial and Viral Stimuli

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Innate stimuli (PRR ligands) representative of bacterial and viral stimuli were used for short term in vitro stimulation of fresh PBMC directly ex vivo. Briefly, PBMC obtained 24 h post‐partum were isolated using Ficoll (GE Healthcare, Mississauga, Canada) gradients, cultured in triplicate at 350,000 cells/well with 200 μL medium alone and in the presence of a TLR4 ligand (0.4 ng/mL LPS, InvivoGen, San Diego, CA), TLR8 ligand (400 ng/mL CL075, InvivoGen), TLR3 ligand (50 µg/mL poly(I:C), InvivoGen) or RLR ligand (100 ng/mL poly(I:C)/Lyovec, InvivoGen). Supernatants were harvested after 24 h culture and stored at −20°C.
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neuronal Signaling

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The antibodies and reagents used in this study were as follows: GFP (A6455; rabbit; Invitrogen; Chen et al., 2011 (link)); MAP2 (AB5622; rabbit; EMD Millipore; Chen et al., 2011 (link)); MAP2 (M4403; mouse; Sigma-Aldrich; Chen et al., 2011 (link)); SMI-312R (SMI-312R; mouse; Covance; Liu et al., 2013 (link)); HA (3F10; rat; Roche; Chen et al., 2017 (link)); phospho-P38 MAPK (9211; rabbit; Cell Signaling Technology); rabbit polyclonal P38 MAPK antibody (9212; rabbit; Cell Signaling Technology); phospho-ERK (4376; rabbit; Cell Signaling Technology); ERK (4695; rabbit; Cell Signaling Technology); phospho-JNK (9251; rabbit; Cell Signaling Technology); JNK (9252; rabbit; Cell Signaling Technology); phospho-TAK1 (9339; rabbit; Cell Signaling Technology); GAPDH (sc-25778; rabbit; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.; Chen et al., 2011 (link)); NeuN (MAB377; mouse; EMD Millipore; Wang et al., 2015 (link)); HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (GE Healthcare); and Alexa Fluor 488– and Alexa Fluor 594–conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen). Antibodies with validation profiles in Antibodypedia or 1DegreeBio are underlined. CL075, poly dT, poly(I:C) high molecular weight, and SB203580 were all purchased from InvivoGen. Takinib and NG 25 were purchased from Medchem Express, and (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol was purchased from Tocris.
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4

Modulating PBMC Activation Pathways

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The 3 × 106 PBMCs from healthy donors or individuals carrying heterozygous IKZF1 mutation were cultured in the presence poly(I:C) (10 μg/ml, Invivogen), LPS (5ng/ml, Sigma), CL075 (1 μg/ml, Invivogen) and CpG (ODN 2216, 7.5 μΜ, Invivogen) with or without IFN-α (3000 IU/ml, R&D), with or without anti-CD303 and anti-CD304 (Biolegend), with or without 0.1, 1 or 10 μM lenalidomide (Sigma). Cells were cultured for 14 h at 37 oC, 5% CO2, with addition of Brefaldin A (10 μg/ml, eBioscience) after 3 h. For dead-cell exclusion (usually <30%) cells were stained with Zombie amine dye (Biolegend), surface markers and then intracellular cytokines antibodies after fixation and permeabilization (eBioscience), as above.
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5

Genetic Manipulation of 3T3 Cell Line

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Cells were stimulated the day following plating with Poly(I:C) HMW (Invivogen), E.coli 0111:B4 LPS purified by gel filtration (Sigma), R848 (Invivogen), CL075 (Invivogen), NDV-GFP (Park et al., 2003 (link)), or VSV Indiana strain at concentrations listed in figure legends. 3T3 Xaf1−/− cells were generated by cloning the guide sequences AGCTTCCTGCAGTGCTTCTGTGG and AGGCTGACTTCCAAGTGTG CAGG located in exon 1 of Xaf1 into pSpCas9n(BB)-2A-GFP, and transfecting into 3T3 cells using LTX (Invitrogen). Single cell clones were obtained by limiting dilution and screened by PCR using the primers listed in Table S5 and the PCR conditions 95° 30 s, 60.2° 30 s, 72° 30 s, Surveyor assay (as above), and western blot.
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6

Silencing Innate Immune Regulators

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RNA interference was performed by lipofection (RNAiMax, Life Technologies) of 5 nM Silencer Select siRNAs (Life Technologies) for 72 h. Cells were stimulated for 14 h with CpG2006 (Metabion), R848 (InvivoGen), CL075 (InvivoGen), Pam2CSK4 (EMC microcollections), human TNF or IL-1β (R&D systems), TLR7-specific RNA (5′-ACUG1CG1AG1CUU-X-UUCG1AG1CG1UCA-5, G1 is 7-deazaguanosine, X is 1,2,3-propanetriol) (14 (link)) or TLR8-specific RNA (5′-YUGCUGCCUUUG-X-GUUUCCGUCGUY-5′, Y is 1,3-propanediol, X is 1,2,3-propanetriol) (15 (link)) (Idera Pharmaceuticals). Supernatants were analyzed by ELISA for hIL-8 (BD Biosciences), hIL-6 or hTNF (R&D Systems). Efficiency of RNA interference was analyzed by SYBR Green quantitative PCR (qPCR) for MyD88, AP1M1 and AP2M1 expression normalized to HPRT.
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7

Monocyte Cytokine Production Assay

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A total of 100,000 sorted blood monocytes or 200,000 immunomagnetically purified bone marrow monocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 (Sigma–Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) supplemented with L-glutamine (100 μg/mL), gentamycin (20 μg/mL) and 20% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS). The cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (InVivogen, San Diego, CA, USA) or 1 μg/mL CL075 (InVivogen) for 12 h in 100 μL in a 96 well flat bottomed tissue culture plate (Sigma-Aldridge, Costar). Cytokines were measured in the supernatant by Mulitplex or ELISA.
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8

Isolation and Culture of Rhesus Macaque Microglia

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Primary adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) microglia cultures were isolated from post mortem brain tissue and cultured as described previously (Burm et al., 2015). Briefly, male or female rhesus macaque monkeys (4–9 years old) without neurological symptoms were housed in outbred breeding colonies. No monkey was sacrificed exclusively for the generation of the primary cultures. Cubes of 3 g of subcortical white matter brain tissue were mechanically and enzymatically dissociated and centrifuged. A percoll gradient was used to remove myelin; other CNS cells and erythrocytes were removed by exposure to hypotonic solution. Isolated microglia were cultured in DMEM (high glucose)/HAM F10 Nutrient Mixture (supplemented with 10% v/v heat‐inactivated FCS, 0.5 mm glutamax, 50 U/ml penicillin, and 50 μg/ml streptomycin) (Thermo Fisher). After 24 hr, nonadherent cells and cellular debris were removed and fresh medium containing 20 ng/ml macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) (Peprotech) was added. After 7 days in culture, microglia were treated for 16 hr with 500 ng/ml Pam3CSK4 (Invivogen), 20 μg/ml Poly I:C (Invivogen), 100 ng/ml LPS (E. coli 026:B6, Sigma‐Aldrich, L8274), or 1 μg/ml CL075 (Invivogen, #tlrl‐c75).
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9

PBMC Stimulation with TLR Agonists

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PBMC (2×106/ml) were cultured with 167nM or 500nM Motolimod (VentiRx Pharmaceuticals) or PBS for 24 hours. In some assays, the cells were cultured with 0.5uM and 2uM of TLR7/8 agonist CL-075, 10uM and 50uM of TLR7 agonist Imiquimod, and 50nM and 100nM of TLR 9 agonist CpG ODN2006 with PBS control (all InvivoGen). Doses were optimized as previously reported [16 (link)].
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10

Molecular Signaling Pathway Activators

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Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O127:B8 were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). TLR ligands CL075 and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) were purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA). LPS is the major structural component of the outer wall of all Gram-negative bacteria and recognized by TLR4. CL075 is a thiazoloquinolone derivative that stimulates TLR8 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and poly(I:C) is a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection and TLR3 activation. TCDD (>99% purity) was originally obtained from Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, MI). Other molecular biological reagents were purchased from Qiagen (Valencia, CA) and Roche Clinical Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN). The polyclonal RelB (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA), polyclonal AhR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO; Abnova, Walnut, CA), and the monoclonal CDX2 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa, IA) antibodies were used for Western blot analyses.
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