Participants were randomly assigned to one of two tACS conditions (6 Hz or 1 Hz) so that each group had 20 participants. TACS was delivered through a Starstim device (Neuroelectrics, Spain) with 3.14 cm2 electrodes placed above bilateral PFC (F3, F4; 10–20 system) at 2 mA peak-to-peak with current ramping up and down over 10 s at the beginning and end of stimulation. For stimulation runs, tACS was delivered while participants engaged in NeuroRacer training. On the days where tACS was applied (Tuesday-Thursday; tACS 1–3), both groups received tACS during runs 3–6 and 11–14 each day. For runs without tACS (runs 1–2, 7–10, 15–16), participants experienced 10 s of ramping up and then immediately back down, at which time the EEG was recorded to be free of tACS artifacts. After each of the 16 runs, participants filled out a survey rating potential side effects on a scale from 0 to 10: headache, neck pain, scalp pain, tingling, itching, burning sensation, alertness, sleepiness, trouble concentrating, acute mood change, and phosphenes (see Supplementary Table 1 in (Zanto et al., 2021 )).
Starstim device
Manufactured by Neuroelectrics
Sourced in Spain
Starstim is a non-invasive brain stimulation and brain-computer interface (BCI) device developed by Neuroelectrics. The device is designed to apply transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) to the brain, including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Starstim provides a platform for research and clinical applications involving brain stimulation and brain-computer interactions.
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5 protocols using starstim device
1
tACS Effects on Cognitive Training
2
Neuromodulation of Cognitive Function
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Participants underwent two a-tDCS sessions over the respective areas of interest defined according to the EEG 10-20 system (Figure 1 ), and sham stimulation. For anodal DLPFC stimulation and sham, the electrode was placed over the left DLPFC (F3) and the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital area (FP2). For M1 stimulation, the anode was placed over the left M1 (C3), and the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital area. Stimulation was applied by the StarStim device (Neuroelectrics Barcelona SL, Spain) with 25 cm2 round sponges soaked with 0.9% saline solution. In the active conditions, a current of 2 mA was applied for 30 min with a ramp up and down of 30 s. For the sham protocol, no current was applied except for the 30 s ramp up and down.
3
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation for Multitasking
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tACS was applied at 6 Hz via a pair of Ag/AgCl electrodes (3.14 cm2) through a Starstim device (Neuroelectrics, Spain). The stimulation electrodes were located over bilateral PFC centered at F3 and F4 of the 10–20 electrode coordinate system (Fig 1b ). A sinusoidal alternating current of 1000 uA peak amplitude (2000 uA peak-to-peak amplitude) was delivered to F3 and F4 with a 180 degree phase offset. The impedance was kept below 10 kΩ. For stimulation runs, the alternating current was delivered while participants were engaged in the NeuroRacer multitasking paradigm (3 min stimulation including 10-s ramp up and 10-s ramp down). For control runs, the 10-s ramp up period was immediately followed by a 10-s ramp down period and turned off for the remainder of the 3 min run.
In order to confirm that the control runs were an appropriately blinded manipulation, all of the participants were asked to complete a 1-min survey to scale the perception of stimulation (headache, neck pain, scalp pain, tingling, itching, burning sensation, sleepiness, trouble concentrating, and acute mood change) from 1 (mild) to 10 (severe) at the end of each run.
In order to confirm that the control runs were an appropriately blinded manipulation, all of the participants were asked to complete a 1-min survey to scale the perception of stimulation (headache, neck pain, scalp pain, tingling, itching, burning sensation, sleepiness, trouble concentrating, and acute mood change) from 1 (mild) to 10 (severe) at the end of each run.
4
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Protocol
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TDCS was applied using a StarStim device (Neuroelectrics, Spain). Two Ag/AgCl gelled electrodes (Pistim, 3.14 cm2; Neuroelectrics, Spain) were positioned 3.5 cm anterior and posterior to the TMS hotspot, and oriented parallel to the TMS coil orientation (i.e. perpendicular to the presumed orientation of the anterior bank of the central sulcus) (Fig. 1 A; see also Tremblay et al., 2017; Rawji et al., 2018).
A current of 1 mA was applied for a total of 12 min whilst participants completed the motor practice on day 1, i.e. two blocks of 6 min separated by 4 min rest without stimulation. TDCSSham involved a ramping up and down of stimulation to 1 mA over 20 s at the start of each 6-min period.
A current of 1 mA was applied for a total of 12 min whilst participants completed the motor practice on day 1, i.e. two blocks of 6 min separated by 4 min rest without stimulation. TDCSSham involved a ramping up and down of stimulation to 1 mA over 20 s at the start of each 6-min period.
5
tACS Effects on Cognitive Training
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Participants were randomly assigned to one of two tACS conditions (6 Hz or 1 Hz) so that each group had 20 participants. TACS was delivered through a Starstim device (Neuroelectrics, Spain) with 3.14 cm2 electrodes placed above bilateral PFC (F3, F4; 10–20 system) at 2 mA peak-to-peak with current ramping up and down over 10 s at the beginning and end of stimulation. For stimulation runs, tACS was delivered while participants engaged in NeuroRacer training. On the days where tACS was applied (Tuesday-Thursday; tACS 1–3), both groups received tACS during runs 3–6 and 11–14 each day. For runs without tACS (runs 1–2, 7–10, 15–16), participants experienced 10 s of ramping up and then immediately back down, at which time the EEG was recorded to be free of tACS artifacts. After each of the 16 runs, participants filled out a survey rating potential side effects on a scale from 0 to 10: headache, neck pain, scalp pain, tingling, itching, burning sensation, alertness, sleepiness, trouble concentrating, acute mood change, and phosphenes (see Supplementary Table 1 in (Zanto et al., 2021 )).
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