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20 protocols using p47phox

1

Biochemical Assay Reagents and Antibodies

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Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, FeSO4 7H2O, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and glutathione ethyl ester were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. N‐Hydroxysulfosuccinimidobiotin was obtained from Merck, dithiothreitol from Promega, streptavidin–Sepharose from GE Healthcare Bio‐Sciences, and Protein A/G‐Plus agarose from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Osmotic mini‐pumps were purchased from Alzet and CL from Sigma‐Aldrich. Dihydroethidium and N‐(Biotinoyl)‐N′‐(iodoacetyl) ethylenediamine were obtained from Invitrogen. Monoclonal antibodies were purchased from the following vendors: β1 subunit of Na+‐K+ ATPase from Upstate Biotechnology; anti‐glutathione from Virogen, eNOS antibody from Sigma‐Aldrich, and p47phox, phosphorylated eNOS116, phosphorylated eNOS1177, neuronal NOS (nNOS), and α tubulin from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. All chemicals used in Krebs solutions were analytical grade and were obtained from BDH.
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2

CK2 Phosphorylation Assay on Immobilized Proteins

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Ten or five picomoles of recombinant NOXO1β, p47PHOX, NOXA1, p67PHOX, and BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, Lyon, France) were applied directly on nitrocellulose membrane in a single spot and let to air dry. The membranes were blocked for 1 hour at room temperature in TBS/T (20 mmol/L Tris-HCl [pH 7.6], 137 mmol/L NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20) containing 5% nonfat dry milk and then incubated with 1 μg/mL recombinant CK2 (New England Biolabs) diluted in TBS/T containing 1% fat dry milk overnight at 4°C. After several washes with TBS/T, bound CK2 was detected with a mouse monoclonal anti-CK2 α/α′ antibody at 1/1000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. Antibody binding was detected using horseradish peroxidase–conjugated anti-mouse IgG. Blots were visualized using ECL Western blotting reagents.
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3

Immunostaining of Brain Slices for Oxidative Stress Markers

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Frozen brain slices and microglia-bearing coverslips mentioned above were immunostained as previously described [80 (link)]. Briefly, after incubation with primary antibodies of p47phox (1:200, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), PI3Kγ (1:500, Novus, Littleton, CO, USA), Iba1 (1:500, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and NeuN (1:500, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), antibody binding was visualized with Alexa Fluor 488-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG and Cy3-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:200, both from Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Cell nuclei were counterstained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Images of the penumbral regions were obtained using a confocal microscope. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the numbers of antibody-positive cells were analyzed by a blinded investigator using Image J.
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4

Phosphorylation of p47phox Protein

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The immunoprecipitation assays were performed as previously described (Lang et al., 2000 ). Liver proteins were precipitated with polyclonal antibodies against p47phox (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). Immunocomplexes were recognized by western blot using specific antibodies against p47phox and anti-phosphoserine (Sigma-Aldrich).
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5

siRNA Transfection for Gene Silencing

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We purchased the human siRNAs of scrambled, Nox2, MMP-9, p47phox, p65, IL-6, Nox4, AT1R, and AT2R from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Transient transfections with various siRNAs (100 nM) were performed using Lipofectamine transfection reagent in accordance with the manufacturer's protocols. The siRNA used in this study were labeled with EGFP. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by transfection with EGFP, and was determined to be approximately 60%.
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6

Protein Expression Analysis in FDB Muscles

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FDB muscles were homogenized using an electric homogenizer (Fluko, Shanghai, China) in a lysis buffer containing in mM: 20Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1% Triton X-100, 2 EDTA, 20 NaF, 1 Na2P2O7, 10% glycerol, 150 NaCl, 10 Na3VO4, 1 PMSF and protease inhibitors (Complete™, Roche Applied Science). Proteins were separated using SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. The following primary antibodies and their dilutions were used as follows: Total NF-κB total p65 subunit (1:1000; Cell Signaling); p-Ser536-p65 (1:1000; Cell Signaling); p47phox (1:5000; Sigma); p-p47phox (pSer359) (1:5000; Sigma); gp91phox (1:2000; BD Transduction); p-p38 (thr180/tyr182) (1:2000; Santa Cruz); p38 (1:2000; Santa Cruz); Phospho-ERK1/2(Thr202/Tyr204)(1:2000; Cell Signaling); ERK 1/2 (1:2000; Santa Cruz); α-Tubulin (1:5000; Cell Signaling); anti-mouse IgG-HRP (1:20,000; Santa Cruz); anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (1:30,000; Thermo Scientific Pierce). The protein bands in the blots were visualized using a WESTAR Supernova detection kit (Cyanagen, Bologna, Italy) and ChemiDoc™ MP System (Bio-Rad, USA). The intensity of the bands was determined with ImageJ densitometry analysis.
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Signaling

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PC12 cells and primary neurons, or PC12 cells infected with lentiviral shRNA to NOX2 or GFP, or PC12 cells infected with Ad-PP5, Ad-dn-c-Jun or Ad-GFP, respectively, after treatments, were lysed, followed by Western blotting, as described previously (Chen et al., 2010 (link); Chen et al., 2014a (link)). The blots for detected protein were semi-quantified using NIH Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The following antibodies were used: phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) (Thr183/Tyr185), JNK, p-c-Jun (Ser63), c-Jun, p22phox (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), caspase-3, and PARP (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA), PP5 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), NOX2, p67phox (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA), Rac1 (Cytoskeleton, Denver, CO, USA), p40phox, p47phox, FLAG, HA, and β-tubulin (Sigma), goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase (HRP), goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP, and rabbit anti-goat IgG-HRP (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA).
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8

Transient Knockdown of Signaling Proteins

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Scrambled, ICAM-1, IL-6, p47phox, JNK2, p42, p38, p65, p50, TLR2, and TLR4 human siRNAs were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). We transiently transfected siRNA (100 nM) using a Lipofectamine® 2000 Reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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9

Targeted knockdown of signaling proteins

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Human siRNAs of PKCα, p47phox, p38, JNK1, and scrambled were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Transient transfection of siRNAs was performed using Metafectene transfection reagent from Biontex Lab (GmbH, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The transfection mixture was diluted into 500 μL of DMEM/F-12 medium with 10% FBS and antibiotics and added directly to the cells. After 16 h transfection, the medium was replaced with serum-free DMEM/F-12 for 24 h. Cell lysates prepared from RASFs challenged with TNF-α were analyzed by Western blot.
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10

siRNA-mediated Knockdown of Key Signaling Proteins

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All human ASK1, p47phox, TRAF2, NIK, IKKα, IKKβ, and p65 siRNA together with scramble siRNA were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). LipofectamineTM RNAiMAX reagents were used to prepare siRNA liposome complexes (100 nM of siRNAs) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, as previously described Lee et al. (2008) (link).
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