Cuso4 5h2o

CuSO₄·5H₂O, L-serine, olivetol, sodium hydroxide, paraffin oil, and graphite were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The double distilled water was supplied for the preparation of aqueous solutions in experiments. All reagents were of analytical grade and used as received.

hiHep cells were generated as previously described^{22 (link)}. Briefly, 2×10⁵ human dermal fibroblasts between passage 5 and 10 were seeded on a collagen-I-coated 60 mm dish and infected with pWPI lentiviruses expressing FOXA3, HNF1A and HNF4A (multiplicity of infection: 1.5 for each virus). For lentivirus production, pWPI lentiviral plasmids encoding FOXA3, HNF1A or HNF4A were introduced into 293FT cells (Thermo) together with psPAXs (Addgene) and pMD2.G (Addgene). The medium containing lentiviruses was collected and passed through 0.45 μm filter (Sangon Biotech) after 48 hours incubation. After 48 hours’ infection of human dermal fibroblasts, the medium was changed to hepatocyte maintenance medium (DMEM/F12 (Gibco) supplemented with 0.544 mg/L ZnCl₂ (Sinopharm), 0.75 mg/L ZnSO₄·7H₂O (Sinopharm), 0.2 mg/L CuSO₄·5H₂O (Sinopharm), 0.025 mg/L MnSO₄ (Sinopharm), 2 g/L Bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich), 2 g/L Galactose (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 g/L Ornithine (Alfa Aesar), 0.03 g/L Proline (Alfa Aesar), 0.61 g/L Nicotinamide (Solarbio), 1X Insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite media supplement (Sigma-Aldrich), 40 ng/ml TGFα (PeproTech), 40 ng/ml EGF (PeproTech), and 10 μM dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich)). Cells were collected for further analyses at different time points according to specific experiment.

Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O(≥99.0%), NH₄VO₃(≥99.0%), NaCl(≥ 99.8%), NH₃·H₂O(~28%), HNO₃(~68%), HBO₃(≥99.8%), KOH(≥85.0%), Na₂SO₃(≥ 97.0%), Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (≥98.5%), KMnO₄(≥ 99.5%), SrCO₃(≥99%), TiO₂(≥99%), Rh₂O₃(≥ 99.8%), RuCl₃·nH₂O(≥98%), K₂CrO₄(≥98%), polyvinyl alcohol(≥99%), Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O(≥99%), Na₂WO₄·2H₂O(≥99.5%), HCl(36.0~38.0%), (NH₄)₂C₂O₄·H₂O(≥99.8%), CuSO₄·5H₂O(≥99%), lactic acid_, NaOH(≥96%)_, and TiCl₄(≥98.0%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. ZnO (99.9%), Cu₂O(99.9%), WO₃ (≥99.0%) and low-melting-point liquid metal (bismuth indium tin ingot/Field’s metal, Bi: In: Sn = 32.5: 51: 16.5 wt%) is purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All chemicals were used without further purification.

CuSO₄·5H2O was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), aprotinin, leupeptin, pepstatin A, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) were obtained from AMRESCO Inc. (Solon, OH, USA). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Med. Chem. Express (Shanghai, China). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) (purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Life Technologies Corporation (Grand Island, NY, USA). 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) and 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Haimen, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.