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31 protocols using ab108337

1

Detailed Western Blot Protocol

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Western blotting was performed as we previously described [30 (link)]. Antibodies against ALP (ab108337) and OPN (ab69498) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibodies against IBSP (5468) and RUNX2 (8486) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies against GAPDH (10494-1-AP) and β-actin (HRP-60008) were purchased from Proteintech (Wuhan, China).
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2

Bone Mineralization Signaling Pathway

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Antibodies against ALP (ab108337) and OPN (ab69498) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibodies against IBSP (5468), ERK1/2 (4370), p-ERK1/2 (4695), MEK1/2 (8727) and p-MEK1/2 (9154) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, USA). The RUNX2 antibody (sc-390715) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Antibodies against SPRY4 (22765-1-AP), GAPDH (10494-1-AP) and β-actin (HRP-60008) were purchased from Proteintech (Wuhan, China).
Melatonin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). U0126 was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA).
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3

Western Blotting of Alkaline Phosphatase in A10 Cells

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A10 cells were transfected with siRNA or plasmid, and 1 day later, 2 mM Pi was treated for 3 days. On the following day, cells were collected by trypsinization, and protein was extracted using ice-cold RIPA buffer (Biosesang). Protein content was quantified using the Pierce BCA Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 20 μg protein was separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The protein was transferred onto methanol-activated polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore) and blocked with 5% skim milk (BD Biosciences) in 1× TBS-T (Tris-buffered saline, 0.1% Tween 20). Membrane was incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4°C. Then after washing with 1× TBS-T three times, it was incubated with secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. The blot was visualized using Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (Millipore) and Fusion Fx (Vilber). The primary antibody used was anti-Alp antibody (ab108337, Abcam) and anti-Actin antibody (a2066, Sigma-Aldrich) with a 1:1,000 dilution, and the secondary antibody used was anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked antibody (7074, Cell Signaling Technology) with a 1:5,000 dilution. Results of western blots were analyzed by using ImageJ (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/),40 (link) and the expression of Alp was normalized by the expression level of a control gene, Actin.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Bone Cells

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Paraffin slides were dewaxed and rehydrated followed by antigen retrieval using sodium citrate solution (pH 9.9; Dako) and placed in a pressure cooker for 15 minutes. Cooled slides were blocked in 3% BSA/PBS for 20 minutes. The l4 or femur sections were incubated with rabbit polyclonal anti‐runt–related transcription factor (RUNX2) antibody, 1:100 dilution (ab23981; Abcam) or with rabbit monoclonal anti‐alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tissue nonspecific antibody, 1:100 dilution (ab108337; Abcam) in 3% BSA/PBS. Donkey anti‐Rabbit IgG (H + L) highly cross‐adsorbed secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 594 (A32754; Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to detect primary antibodies.
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Ileal Tissue

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The ileal tissue sections were processed (Tissue-Tek® VIP®; Sakura Finetek) and fixed in paraffin wax. The wax blocks were cut into 5-µm-thick slices and deparaffinized. Antigen retrieval was performed in sodium citrate buffer. The sections were blocked in 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 1 h, and then incubated with the primary antibody overnight at 4 °C. Subsequently, the sections were processed using the DAB Detection Kit (SP-9000-D; ZSGB-Bio, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Hematoxylin staining was used to counterstain nuclei. The IHC features shown in the figures are representative of all tissue samples studied. The primary antibody are as following: lysozyme (ab-108508; Abcam; 1:1000 dilution); IAP (ab-108337; Abcam; 1:250 dilution).
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6

Exosome Isolation and Membrane Labeling

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Exosome isolation reagent (from cell culture media) was purchased from Thermo Fisher scientific (4478359, China). PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit for General Cell Membrane Labeling (MINI67-1KT, China) and PKH26 Red Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit for General Cell Membrane Labeling (PKH26GL-1KT, China) were purchased from Sigma. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli 0111: B4, L4391), β‐glycerophosphate (G9422), L‐ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate (49752), and dexamethasone (D1756) were from Sigma, China. Antibodies used in this study were rabbit polyclonal antibody against alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (ab108337, Abcam), CD63 Antibody (sc-5275, SANTA CRUZ Biotechnology), CD81 Antibody (sc-166029, SANTA CRUZ Biotechnology), calnexin (2679 T, cell Signaling Technology), Grp94 (20292 T, cell Signaling Technology), and Lamin A/C (4777 T, cell Signaling Technology). Secondary antibody used for immunofluorescence staining was fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) Secondary Antibody (31635, Thermo Fisher Scientific, China).
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7

Characterization of Musculoskeletal Cell Markers

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Primary antibodies used were specific for Collagen type I (Abcam, ab34710, 1:100 dilution), Collagen type II (Millipore, MAB8887, 1:100 dilution), murine CD200 (Abcam, ab33734, 1:100 dilution), Nestin (Abcam, ab11306, 1:200 dilution), Gremlin 1 (Abcam, ab189267, 1:50 dilution), COMP (Abcam, ab74524, 1:50 dilution), Aggrecan (Abcam, ab3778, 1:100 dilution), Thy1.2 (Invitrogen, cat no. 14-0902-82, 1:50 dilution, 6C3 (Invitrogen, cat no. 14-5891-82 (1:50 dilution), CD105 (Abcam, ab107595, 1:100 dilution), Runx2 (Abcam, ab76956, 1:200 dilution), Alpl (Abcam, ab108337, 1:100 dilution), Osteocalcin (Abcam, ab93876, 1:100 dilution), CD146 (Abcam, ab75769, 1:100 dilution), CD140α (Abcam, ab96569, 1:100 dilution), CD200 (Abcam, ab203887, 1:200 dilution), Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) (Abcam, ab185716, 1:50 dilution), and Cathepsin K (Abcam, ab19027, 1:200 dilution).
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8

Maxillary Bone Histomorphometric Analysis

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The dissected maxillae were used for immunohistological analysis. They were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), decalcified with 10% EDTA, and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections were prepared and stained for TRAP, a marker of osteoclasts. For immunohistochemical staining, histological sections were incubated with the anti-osterix antibody (ab22552, abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-ALP antibody (ab108337, abcam), anti-β-catenin antibody (ab32572, abcam), or anti-sclerostin antibody (AF1589, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) at 4°C overnight. After washing, the sections were incubated with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody. The HRP-conjugated antibody was visualized with a 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) kit (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA). The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. The number of TRAP- or osterix-, sclerostin-positive cells was measured by histomorphometry, in the alveolar bone of maxillae, and expressed as cells/bone surface or cells/bone area. The surface and area of bone in the alveolar bone of maxillae were measured by ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij).
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9

Endothelin-1 Signaling Pathway Regulation

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Human recombinant ET‐11 (E7764), anti‐ET‐1 antibody1 (mouse monoclonal; E166), and anti‐ETAR antibody1 (rabbit polyclonal; E3651) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Atrasentan hydrochloride2 (ABT‐627) was purchased from MedchemExpress. Phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C3 (P‐6466) was purchased from Life Technologies. Anti‐phosphorylated c‐jun antibody4 (rabbit monoclonal, 3270), anti‐c‐jun antibody4 (rabbit monoclonal, 9165), and anti‐c‐fos antibody4 (rabbit monoclonal; 2250) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Horseradish peroxidase conjugated antimouse and antirabbit secondary antibodies were purchased from GE Healthcare, UK. Anti‐β actin antibody5 (mouse monoclonal; AC‐15) and anti‐ALP antibody5 (mouse monoclonal; ab108337) were purchased from Abcam.
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10

Characterization of Musculoskeletal Cell Markers

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Primary antibodies used were specific for Collagen type I (Abcam, ab34710, 1:100 dilution), Collagen type II (Millipore, MAB8887, 1:100 dilution), murine CD200 (Abcam, ab33734, 1:100 dilution), Nestin (Abcam, ab11306, 1:200 dilution), Gremlin 1 (Abcam, ab189267, 1:50 dilution), COMP (Abcam, ab74524, 1:50 dilution), Aggrecan (Abcam, ab3778, 1:100 dilution), Thy1.2 (Invitrogen, cat no. 14-0902-82, 1:50 dilution, 6C3 (Invitrogen, cat no. 14-5891-82 (1:50 dilution), CD105 (Abcam, ab107595, 1:100 dilution), Runx2 (Abcam, ab76956, 1:200 dilution), Alpl (Abcam, ab108337, 1:100 dilution), Osteocalcin (Abcam, ab93876, 1:100 dilution), CD146 (Abcam, ab75769, 1:100 dilution), CD140α (Abcam, ab96569, 1:100 dilution), CD200 (Abcam, ab203887, 1:200 dilution), Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) (Abcam, ab185716, 1:50 dilution), and Cathepsin K (Abcam, ab19027, 1:200 dilution).
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