5d mark 4

All specimens of Lucanus were netted or light-trap collected for this study and store in ethanol, including 54 samples of the ingroup (21 L.wuyishanensis collected from Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi province; 17 L.liuyei from Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan province; five L.swinhoei from Taiwan; 11 L.continentalis from Fujian and Zhejiang province), and 10 samples of the outgroup (one each of L.parryi Boileau, 1899, L simithii Parry, 1862, L.fryi Boileau, 1911, L.klapperichi Bomans, 1989, and six L.fujianensis Schenk, 2008). Voucher specimens and their extracted genomic DNA are deposited in the research collection at the Museum of Anhui University, China. (Suppl. material 1).
The map with collection localities was generated using ArcGIS v. 10.3 (http://www.esri.com/sofware/arcgis) based on the geospatial data from the National Geomatics Center of China (Fig. 3). Photographs of the habitus was taken in .jpg format using a Canon 5D Mark IV with Canon 100 mm f/2.8 macro lens and a twin flash (Figs 1, 2).

Photographs of the shells and the habitats were taken using a Canon 5D Mark IV camera. The shells were measured with digital vernier calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. Whorls were counted as described by Kerney and Cameron (1979) . The terminology to describe alycaeid shells (Regions 1–3) follows Páll-Gergely et al. (2017) (link).
Abbreviations: a.s.l. – above sea level; D – shell breadth; H – shell height; HBUMM – mollusc collection of the Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China; MNHN – Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; R1 (Region 1) – from the beginning of the teleoconch to the beginning of the differently ribbed region along the suture; R2 (Region 2) – the differently ribbed area before the constriction; R3 (Region 3) – from the constriction to the peristome.

Moths were sampled using a 1000 W metal halide full-spectrum light and an ultraviolet 15 W blacklight next to a white canvas tarp. Specimens were not collected, but were photo-sampled. At each sampling event, lights were run for a single night in the summer during the peak flight period, June 25 to August 15. Lights were kept on from dusk until 2 a.m. Surveys were not conducted on nights when it rained >0.5” during the day, as previous experience had shown that this reduced nocturnal moth activity.
To facilitate identifications, high-quality photos were taken of moths at rest on the white canvas sheet using a Canon 5D Mark IV camera, with a 100 mm macro EF L series lens. Moths were photographed both dorsally and laterally when possible. All moths were identified to a species or species group using photo vouchers, either during the sampling event or at a later time. Identifications were performed by non-specialists using Beadle and Leckie [66 ] and Moth Photographer’s Group: (https://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/ accessed on 25 June 2015–27 July 2020). The time spent in species identifications (post-sampling) ranged from 2–4 h per site. All moth data can be found in Supplementary Table S1.

B. subtilis cells grown in 5 ml LB broth were diluted to an OD600 of 0.08. When grown to an OD600 of 1.0, 1.5 μL of B. subtilis cells were spotted on the GYM7 plate with or without 1 μM chloramphenicol. Pictures were taken with Nikon D60 digital camera. For the luciferase reporter assays, images were captured with an Amersham imager 600, or Canon 5D Mark IV (Brake et al., 2021 (link)). For the coculture assay, 2.5 μL of Streptomyces venezuelae spores (10⁷ spores/mL) and 1.5 μL of B. subtilis (OD600=1.0, equal to 10⁸ cells/mL) cells were spotted in a cross pattern with a distance of 1 cm between spots for each species.