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4 protocols using cd68 ab125212

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Liver and Spleen Tissues

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Specimens of excised livers and spleens were paraffin embedded and sectioned at 4 µm thickness. For histological assessment, deparaffinized liver sections were stained with hematoxylin (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and eosin Y (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany). For immunohistochemistry, deparaffinized organ sections were boiler-treated in EnVision™ FLEX Target Retrieval Solution, High pH (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) or 10 mM sodium citrate buffer pH 6.0 (applies to the NKp46 antibody only) for 30 min, blocked with 10% goat or 2.5% horse serum, incubated with the primary antibody overnight at 4°C (CD68: ab125212; CD3: ab5690; NKp46: ab214468 – all Abcam, Cambridge, UK), treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide and incubated with a biotinylated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) at a dilution of 1:500. Peroxidase activity was developed with an avidin-biotin-enzyme complex (ABC) (Vector Laboratories) and AEC+ chromogen (DAKO), nuclei counterstained with hematoxylin, and sections mounted with aqueous mounting media, Aquatex® (Merck). Mounted sections were visualized using a Scope A.1 microscope and photomicrographed with an AxioCam MRC camera (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Jena Germany). For quantification of NK cells, positively stained cells in sections treated with the NKp46 antibody were manually counted and calculated per mm2 of liver tissue.
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2

Antibody Inventory for Signaling Pathway Analysis

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The following antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA), p‐IRS1 (Ser307; #2381; 1:1000), IRS1 (#2382; 1:1000), p‐AKT (Ser473; #4060; 1:1000), AKT (#4691; 1:1000), p‐mTOR (Ser2448; #5536; 1:1000), mTOR (#2983; 1:1000), p‐p65 (#3033; 1:500), p65 (#8242; 1:500), p‐GSK3β (Ser9; #5558; 1:1000), GSK3β (#12 456; 1:1000), FOXO1 (#2880; 1:1000), VAMP2 (#13 508; 1:250), VAMP3 (#13 640; 1:1500), VAMP8 (#13 060; 1:500), GADPH (#97 166; 1:4000), HA‐Tag (#3724; 1:1000), Flag‐Tag (#14 793; 1:1000), HRP‐linked anti‐mouse IgG (#7076; 1:1000), and HRP‐linked antirabbit IgG (#7074; 1:1000). Antibodies against TLR4 (sc‐293072; 1:1000), SNAP23 (sc‐166244; 1:1000), syntaxin 4 (sc‐101301; 1:500), and Na+/K+‐ATPase (sc‐58629; 1:1000) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX). p‐IRS1 antibody (Tyr608; 09–432; 1:1000) was purchased from Millipore (Burlington, MA). Antibodies against TMEM16A (ab53212; 1:2000 for western blotting, 1:100 for immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence), HNF4 (ab41898; 1:100), CD68 (ab125212; 1:50), p‐FOXO1 (Ser256; ab131339; 1:1000), and GLUT2 (ab54460; 1:500) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals were purchased form Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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3

Tumor Immunofluorescence Imaging Protocol

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Immunofluorescence was performed on frozen and fixed tumor sections. The antibodies used were: anti‐mouse F4/80 (MCA497G; Bio‐Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA), GM‐CSF (ab9741; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), CD68 (ab125212; Abcam), phosho‐p44/42 MAPK (erk1/2) (4370; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), and were revealed with the appropriate fluorescence‐conjugated secondary antibodies (Alexa 647 or 488). Images were analyzed by Leica SPEII confocal microscope (Leica microsystem, Wetzlar, Germany). Multiple independent fields (15–20 for section) were randomly chosen and analyzed from at least three tumors for each experimental condition. Image quantification was performed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).
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4

Glioma Cell Line Autophagy Induction

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The human glioma cell lines U‐87 MG (U87) and U‐251 MG (U251) were obtained from iCell Bioscience, and cultivated in DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with 10% FBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C. To induce autophagy, the cells were starved in Earle’s balanced salt solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
The HRP‐conjugated secondary Abs and Abs against Atg12 (4180), Beclin (3495), LC3‐A/B (12741), F4/80 (70076S), CD11c (97585S), and GAPDH (5174) were from Cell Signaling Technology. Antibodies against FUCA1 (ab197285) and CD68 (ab125212) were from Abcam. Acridine orange was purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich.
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