spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed with a Thermo Fisher
Scientific Escalab 250 XI system with an Al Kα source. Raman
spectra were performed by a Thermo Scientific DXR2xi Raman imaging
microscope (excitation wavelength, λ = 785 nm). The microstructure
of synthesized material was studied by field-emission scanning electron
microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss ULTRA plus and equipped with EDX), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2200FS EFTEM/STEM 200 kV), and
energy-dispersive X-ray elemental mapping. Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) of MXene–polymer hybrid was performed on
a Spectrum Two FT-IR spectrometer with an ATR model (PerkinElmer,
UK). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out by Rigaku Smart Lab
9 kW, Cu Kα-radiation with a 0.02° of step width. Dynamic
light scattering (DLS) data were obtained using a Zeta sizer Nano
ZS 90.