5 5 6 6 tetrachloro 1 1 3 3 tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbo cyanine chloride jc 1

Shikonin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The final concentration of DMSO did not exceed 0.02%. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bro mide (MTT), Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide (PI), and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbo cyanine chloride (JC-1), ER-Tracker Blue-White DPX and Rhod 2-acetoxymethyl ester (Rhod2-AM) were provided by Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). SP600125, SB203580, and U0126 were obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). The other reagents and chemicals were all of analytical grade.

(1E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hept-1-en-3-one (JC3) and JC3-dimer (Fig. 1A) were provided by professor Sei Kwan Oh (Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea) and dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The final concentration of DMSO did not exceed 0.02% when JC3 was added to cells. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), propidium iodide (PI), Hoechst 33342, N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC), 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino) propane (DPPP), 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA), and actin antibody were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). 5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine chloride (JC-1) was purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Bcl-2 and Bax antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc (Dallas, TX, USA). Caspase-3, caspase-9, JNK, phospho-JNK, p38 MAPK, phospho-p38 MAPK, ERK, phospho-ERK, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). SP600125, SB203580, and U0126 were purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA).