Explants were carefully dissected (nodal) from 35-day-old in vitro seedlings and cultured in basal nutrient medium Murashige and Skoog (MS), supplemented with B5 vitamins 3percent (w/v) sucrose, 4.52 µM 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2–4, D), and 2.65 µM α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (Himedia, Mumbai, India), for callus induction [21 (link),22 (link)]. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.7 (supplemented with a growth regulator) with 1 N NaOH or 1 N HCl (Himedia, Mumbai, India), before gelling with 0.8percent agar (Himedia, Mumbai, India), and autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min at 15 lbs pressure. The explants were placed on the culture medium horizontally. All the cultures were incubated at 25 ± 1 °C for optimum growth and development. Two subcultures were performed at 10-day time intervals.
Hydrochloric acid (hcl)
Manufactured by HiMedia
Sourced in India
Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, and highly corrosive liquid. It is a common laboratory reagent used for various chemical reactions and analyses.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by HiMedia (6 mentions)
Chloroform, by HiMedia (5 mentions)
Ethanol, by HiMedia (5 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by HiMedia (4 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by HiMedia (4 mentions)
Urea, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Potassium ferricyanide, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Ferric chloride, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Graphite powder, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ninhydrin, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Methanol, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Potassium iodide, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Standard diosgenin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Salicylic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Squalene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Analytical grade methanol, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
N 6 benzyladenine ba, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
26 protocols using hydrochloric acid (hcl)
1
Callus Induction from Nodal Explants
2
Quantifying Pyocyanin Production in P. aeruginosa
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Using the method described by Essar et al. (2016) [40 (link)], pyocyanin pigment production from culture supernatants of P. aeruginosa was determined in the absence and presence of Sidr honey. The first step of the procedure was to extract 1.5 mL of culture supernatant of P. aeruginosa, either untreated or treated with a sub-MIC (1/2MIC), with 3 mL chloroform (HiMedia®, Mumbai, India), followed by re-extraction with 0.2 M HCl (700 µL) (HiMedia®, Mumbai, India) after the first extraction. As a next step, the solution was used for the measurement of the absorbance at 595 nm. The following formula was used to quantify pyocyanin production:
3
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
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Propionic acid, P2O5, and sodium sulfate were purchased from Thomas Baker, India and used as received. Benzaldehyde, VOSO4, HCl and NaHCO3 were purchased from Himedia, India and used without any further processing. Pyrrole was purchased from SRL Chemicals, India and used without further purification. DMF and CH3CN were purchased from Merck, India and used as such. Various alkenes used in this study were purchased from Alfa Aesar, UK and used as received. H2O2 and silica gel (100–200 mesh) were purchased from Rankem, India and used as such. N-Bromosuccinimide was also purchased from Himedia, India but used after recrystallizing it from hot water and vacuum drying. Various solvents like chloroform, hexane and methanol were purchased from Molychem, India and used after drying over P2O5. Electrochemical studies were carried out in distilled CH2Cl2 using TBAPF6, recrystallized two times from ethanol and vacuum dried for 6 hours, as the electrolyte.
4
Graphite-Based Nanocomposite Synthesis
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Graphite powder and CDCl3were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Cu (NO3)2·3H2O, Fe (NO3)3·9H2O, H2O2 (30%), isopropanol, ethanol, NaNO3, H2SO4 (98%), HCl, KMnO4, urea and silica gel (100–200 mesh) were purchased from Hi-Media. All chemicals were used as received without further purification. 18 Milli-Ω water was used throughout the synthesis.
5
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle-based Therapeutics
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Gold chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4. 3H2O) and sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India. Rifampicin (RF) and isoniazid (INH) were purchased from SRL, India. Chitosan (CS), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), l -cysteine (CYS), NaOH, and HCl were received from Himedia, Mumbai, India. Other chemicals and solvents were used in delivered form without any additional refinement. The double-distilled (DD) water used for the reactions and the cleaning processes.
6
Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Pyrrole-Based Compounds
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All chemicals used were of analytical grade used without further purification. Methyl orange (MO), ferric chloride (FeCl3), pyrrole, GA, ethylene diamine, HCl, acetone, and microbial media were purchased from Himedia, Mumbai. Gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC1935) Streptococcus pneumoniae (MTCC1936), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC432), Salmonella typhi (MTCC3224), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC2642), and fungi Candida albicans (MTCC3959), were purchased from Microbial Type Culture Collection, India. For aqueous solutions, deionised (DI) water was used. Experiments were conducted at room temperature (~37°C).
7
Comprehensive Biochemical Analysis Techniques
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Anthrone reagent (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), sulfuric acid (HiMedia, Mumbai, India), Congo red (HiMedia), n-butyl alcohol (HiMedia), methanol (HiMedia), hematoxylin (Mayer’s reagent) (HiMedia), acetic anhydride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), chloroform (HiMedia), ammonium buffer solution (HiMedia), hydrochloric acid (HiMedia), lead(II) acetate trihydrate (HiMedia), ninhydrin (HiMedia), Fehling A and B solutions (HiMedia), potassium ferricyanide (HiMedia), trichloroacetic acid (HiMedia), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (Sigma-Aldrich), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), (H2DCFDA) (dichlorofluorescein diacetate) (Invitrogen), LysoTracker Red (Invitrogen), and MitoTracker Red CMX-ROS (Invitrogen).
8
Bioactive Compound Screening from Microbes
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All reagents used for the experiment were analytical grade purchased from Himedia (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) including silver nitrate (Mw: 169.87 g/mol; and purity: ≥99.9%), hydrogen peroxide, iodine, potassium iodide (Mw 166.00 g/mol and purity: 99%), sodium hydroxide (M: 39.997 g/mol and purity: 97%), sulfuric acid, chloroform, benzene, ammonia, naphthol, ethanol, copper acetate, ferric chloride (Mw: 162.2 g/mol and purity: ≥99%), Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), hydrochloric acid, potato dextrose agar, nutrient agar, potassium ferricyanide, TCA, α-amylase, etc. Bacterial culture including Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121T), Shigella flexneri (MTCC 1457), Bacillus megaterium (NCTC 6094), Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger (MTCC 12975), and Penicillium crysogenum (NCPF 2802) were collected from Dayanand Science College, Latur, India.
9
Natural Antimicrobial Polymer Formulations
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Sodium alginate with a medium viscosity and high mannuronic acid without inulin were purchased from Hi-media (Mumbai). They were prepared in distilled water and autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min. The low-molecular-weight chitosan (deacetylated chitin, Hi-Media, Laboratories Mumbai), was prepared in distilled water and pure hydrochloric acid (Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd.—Mumbai, India). Xanthan gum, gum acacia, and carrageenan were purchased from Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd.—Mumbai, India. Starch, sodium caseinate, pepsin, trypsin, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, trisodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, potassium chloride, phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2), and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Hi-media Laboratories (Mumbai, India). Glacial acetic acid with molar mass of 60.05 g mol−1 was bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Pancreatin, peptone, and bile salt were obtained from Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd. (Mumbai, India). The De Man Rogosa and Sharpes (MRS) broth and MRS agar used in this work were purchased from Hi-media Laboratories (Mumbai). Indicator microorganisms used for the antimicrobial activity; i.e., Escherichia coli (MTCC No-432), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No-96), and Bacillus cereus (MTCC No-430), were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH; Chandigarh, India).
10
Chlorophenol Compounds Preparation and Analysis
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Loba Chemie, India supplied analytical grade 2-CP, 3-CP, 4-CP and 2,4-DCP (purity 98 %). The stock solution of all the chlorophenol compounds is prepared in 0.02 M NaOH and pH was adjusted to 7.4 ± 0.2 by 1 M orthophosphoric acid. All other inorganic chemicals used in the experiments were of analytical grade and obtained from Merck, India. HPLC-grade methanol and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Hi-media, India for HPLC analysis.
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