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Calcium chloride dehydrate

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Calcium chloride dehydrate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCl2·2H2O. It is a white, crystalline solid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. The primary function of calcium chloride dehydrate is to act as a desiccant, absorbing moisture from the surrounding environment. It is commonly used for drying and dehumidifying purposes.

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9 protocols using calcium chloride dehydrate

1

Development of Nicotine-Loaded Buccal Strips

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Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC; Methocel K100 Premium LV) was a gift from Colorcon Limited (Dartford, UK), and magnesium aluminium silicate (MAS) was a gift from R.T. Vanderbilt Company Inc. (Norwalk, CT, USA). Sodium hydroxide, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and gelatine were purchased from Fluka Analytical (Buchs, Switzerland). Nicotine (liquid form), sodium alginate (SA; molecular weight 120,000–190,000 g/mol, mannuronate/guluronate ratio 1.56), submaxillary mucin from porcine stomach, PBS tablets (pH 7.4), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate buffer, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were all obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Sodium acetate, trimethylamine, and glycerol (GLY) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Commercially available NIC-loaded strips (NiQuitin®) was purchased from a local pharmacy (Gillingham, Kent). Calcium chloride dehydrate, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate dibasic, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, potassium carbonate hemihydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Sodium acetate, and trimethylamine were all purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). The EpiOralTM buccal tissue kit (ORL-200) was purchased from MatTek Corporation (Ashland, MA, USA).
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2

Chitosan-Based Biomaterial Synthesis and Characterization

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Low MW chitosan (MW: 50,000–190,000 kDa) with a DD of 85%, potassium chloride (ACS reagent 99%), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), acetic acid (99.7%), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC - MW: 90,000), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and cell proliferation reagent WST-1 (Roche diagnostic) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Calcium phosphate tribasic (CaP) and calcium chloride dehydrate were obtained from Fisher Scientific (USA). Alpha minimum essential media (α-MEM), Fetal Bovine serum (FBS), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Gibco, life technologies (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Live/Dead cell viability/cytotoxicity kit was purchased from the Invitrogen (USA). 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer solution was purchased from electron microscopy sciences (Hatfield, PA, USA).
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Biobased Surfactants

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Rhamnolipid (R-90™), sodium phosphate tribasic, dodecahydrate (>98%), bovine serum albumin (BSA) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK), while sophorolipid (REWOFERM SL ONE) was kindly donated by Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH Golschmidstr, Essen, Germany. Kappa carrageenan–CARR with high sulfation levels (Gelcarin GP 812 NF) was obtained from IMCD Ltd. (Sutton, UK); Sodium alginate (SA) (MW range 120,000–190,000 g/mol and ratio of mannuronic acid to guluronic acid = 1.56), sodium chloride, tris(hydroxy)aminomethane, calcium chloride dehydrate and ethanol (laboratory grade) were all purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Gelatin was obtained from Fluka Analytical (Steinheim, Germany) and calcium chloride from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
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4

Hydrogel Scaffold for Cell Culture

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Alginic acid sodium salt and porcine gelatin (300g Bloom) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Calcium chloride dehydrate was obtained from Fisher (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Deionized MilliQ water (18 MΩ) was obtained from an in-house purification system. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) and MCF-7 mammary adenocarcinoma cells (ER+, PR+) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).
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5

Quantitative Analysis of Redox-Active Compounds

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Sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4, ACS), Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2.6H2O), sodium chloride (NaCl, ACS), potassium chloride (KCl), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4), calcium chloride dehydrate (CaCl2.2H2O), sodium acetate, sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), and sodium citrate dehydrate (C6H5O7Na3·2H2O) were from Fisher Scientific.
Standard solutions of L-ascorbic acid sodium salt (AA), (Sigma Aldrich) were prepared at 10 mM concentration in ultrapure water (Milli-Q® IQ 7000 water purification system). Solutions of DTT and DTNB (Sigma Aldrich) were prepared in phosphate buffer (at 10 mM) and maintained in ice and in the dark during the experiment.
Aqueous solutions of the reagents are unstable at room temperature and sensible to light, thus they were preserved in amber glass vials in the dark at − 20 °C.
Copper (II) sulfate (98 %), iron (II) chloride (ACS), 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NPQ, 97 %), and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PNQ, 99%) were from Sigma-Aldrich and Acros Organics. Individual standard stock solutions were prepared for each analyte by weighting pure standards with a concentration of 10−2 M using MilliQ water for metal ions and acetonitrile for quinones as solvent.
Methanol was HPLC grade solvent purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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6

Alginate-Calcium Hydrogel Encapsulation

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Sodium alginate (Alg) and calcium chloride dehydrate (CaCl2 ≥ 99%) were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA. Cefotaxime sodium powder for injections (CTX, batch number 200526) was purchased from UP Pharma, Assuit, Egypt.
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7

Digitoxigenin Formulation for Bioavailability

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Digitoxigenin and olive oil (highly refined, low acidity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alginic acid sodium salt (low viscosity) was from MP Biomedicals (Solon, OH, USA). Tween 85 (Acros Organics, Morris, NJ, USA) and Span 85 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used in the preparation of Digitoxigenin formulations. Other reagents used were isooctane (Acros Organics, Morris, NJ, USA) and calcium chloride dehydrate (Fisher Scientific, Springfield, NJ, USA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4 was prepared by dissolving PBS tablets (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH, USA) in deionized water, and sodium azide (Acros Organics, Morris, NJ, USA) was added at a concentration of 0.02% (w/v) as a bacteriostat. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol, water, and formic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA).
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8

Sensitive Electrochemical Glutamate Biosensor

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All chemicals were prepared and stored according to manufacturer recommendations unless otherwise noted. L-glutamate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.11) was obtained from Cosmo Bio Co. (Carlsbad, CA) and diluted in distilled, deionized water to makea1 U/µl stock solution for storage at 4°C. Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, 1,3 phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (mPD), sodium chloride, calcium chloride dehydrate, and H2O2 (30% in water) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). L-glutamic acid sodium salt, bovine serum albumin (BSA), glutaraldehyde, KCl, dopamine hydrochloride (DA), L-ascorbic acid (AA), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO). LY379268 was obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, United Kingdom), while Amylo-Glo® RTD™ was obtained from Biosensis (Temecula, CA).
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9

Quantitative Glutamate Oxidase Assay

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All chemicals were prepared and stored according to manufacturer recommendations unless otherwise noted. L-glutamate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.11) was obtained from Cosmo Bio Co. (Carlsbad, CA, USA; Cat: YMS-80049) and diluted in distilled, deionized water to make a 1U/μl stock solution for storage at 4°C. Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (Cat: BP330-500), sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous (Cat: S375-500), 1,3 phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (mPD; Cat: P017225G), sodium chloride (Cat: S271- 3), calcium chloride dehydrate (Cat: BP510-100), sucrose (Cat: 12-550-15), 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water (Cat: H325-100), and riluzole (Cat: 1744-22-5) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). L-glutamic acid sodium salt (Cat: G1626), potassium chloride (KCl; Cat: P9333), bovine serum albumin (BSA; Cat: A3059), glutaraldehyde (Cat: G5882), dopamine hydrochloride (DA; Cat: H8502), and L-ascorbic acid (AA; Cat: A7056) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chicken polyclonal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) primary antibody (RRID:AB_2492333) and Amylo-Glo® RTD™ (Cat: TR-300-AG) was obtained from Biosensis (Temecula, CA). Rabbit polyclonal primary antibody α7nAChR was obtained from Alomone Labs (Jerusalem, Israel; RRID:AB_10659339).
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