HR-PET brain imaging was done using the High-Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT) (Siemens, Inc., Knoxville, TN), with sensitivity of 124 1,700,000 counts per second (cps)/(μCi/ml) and a spatial resolution of 2.4mm in the transaxial 125 plane.37 Approximately 10 seconds following initiation of the stress or control task, 20 mCi of radio-labeled water (H2[15O]), created in an on-site cyclotron, was injected.
High resolution research tomograph
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in United States
The High Resolution Research Tomograph is a medical imaging device designed for high-resolution three-dimensional visualization of the human body. It utilizes advanced imaging technology to capture detailed cross-sectional images of the internal structures with exceptional clarity.
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Lab products found in correlation
Ge signa system, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
3t trio system, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Ecat exact hr, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Sonata scanner, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Traceselect water, by Honeywell (1 mentions)
68ge 68ga generator, by Eckert & Ziegler (1 mentions)
Ecat exact hr scanner, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Biograph 64, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Biograph mmr, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Prisma 3t scanner, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Biograph 64 system, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Biograph mmr system, by Siemens (1 mentions)
32 channel head coil, by Philips (1 mentions)
Achieva scanner, by Philips (1 mentions)
Kaleidagraph 4, by Synergy Software (1 mentions)
Pmod v3, by PMOD Technologies (1 mentions)
Prisma, by Siemens (1 mentions)
34 protocols using high resolution research tomograph
1
High-Resolution Brain Imaging with PET
2
Quantifying Dopamine D2/3 Receptors in CUD
3
PET Imaging of LRRK2 Mutation in Parkinson's
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Original data included in this study were obtained from the Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia. A total of 35 subjects were considered and consisted of healthy controls (11 subjects, 4 MABs and 7 HABs), G2019S LRRK2 mutation carriers without Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms (8 subjects, 5 MABs and 3 HABs) and 16 subjects diagnosed with PD (16 subjects, 7 Sporadic- and 4 LRRK2-PD in MABs and 2 sporadic- and 2 Lrrk2-PD in HABs). PET scan was completed in conjunction with MRI scan on each subject. The PET scans were performed on the Siemens High-Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT) at the UBC PET Imaging Centre. 11C-PBR28 data were acquired for 120 min in list mode after 60 sec bolus venous injection of 700 ± 73 MBq (18.9 ± 1.9 mCi) of 11C-PBR28 and then reconstructed into a dynamic sequence of images (4 × 1 min, 3 × 2 min, 8 × 5 min, 7 × 10 min) using 3D ordinary Poisson-ordered subset expectation maximization (OP-OSEM) algorithm [35 ]. All PET data were corrected for dead time, attenuation, scatter, random events and normalization. Each subject also underwent a T1weighted anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, performed on a 3T Philips Achieva camera (repetition time (TR) = 0.81 milliseconds, echo time (TE) = 8.1 milliseconds and the flip angle = 8). The acquisition matrix measures 256 × 256 × 170, and the FOV measures 50 cm.
4
Radiosynthesis and PET Imaging of [11C]-(+)-PHNO
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[11C]-(+)-PHNO was prepared by N-acylation of the despropyl precursor with [11C]-propionyl chloride followed by reduction of the resulting amide with lithium aluminum hydride and purification by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Wilson et al. 2005 (link)). All scans were 120 min, following a single bolus injection of [11C]-(+)-PHNO. Data were acquired on a Siemens High-Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT, Siemens/CTI, Knoxville, TN). Data were acquired in list mode, reconstructed using the MOLAR algorithm (Carson et al. 2003 ) including correction for subject motion using an optical detection system (Vicra, NDI Systems, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) and binned into a sequence of 33 frames of increasing duration (6 × 30 s, 3 × 1 min, 2 × 2 min, 22 × 5 min). A T1-weighted anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was acquired for each subject. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn individually for each subject on their MRI; they included caudate and putamen, ventral striatum, globus pallidus, thalamus, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area, and cerebellum as a reference tissue. Left and right sides were averaged. PET data were coregistered to subjects’ MRIs; ROIs were applied to the coregistered PET images. Time activity curves were generated as the average ROI activity in each frame.
5
Synthesis and PET Imaging of [11C]ABP688
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3-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-ylethynyl)-cyclohex-2-enone-O-11C-methyloxime ([11C]ABP688) was synthetized as previously described (Elmenhorst et al., 2010 (link)). Images were acquired in the Siemens ECAT EXACT HR + scanner for 7 patients and 7 controls [approximate resolution, 6 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM)]. The remaining subjects (10 patients and 26 controls) were scanned in the Siemens High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT, approximate resolution of 3 mm FWHM). A 7-minute transmission scan was performed for attenuation correction, followed by a 1-hour dynamic emission scan, which began concurrently with the slow bolus injection of [11C]ABP688 (injected dose/activity = 356.7 ± 25.2 MBq; specific activity = 13.6 ± 6.3 GBq/μmol, unavailable for 10 of the controls). Data was acquired in 3D list mode and reconstructed by filtered back-projection. The reconstructed time-series was 128 × 128 × 63 voxels (2.45 mm pixels) for the HR + and 256 × 256 × 207 voxels (1.21875 mm pixels) for the HRRT. To combine data from the 2 PET scanners, HRRT images were blurred with an anisotropic Gaussian kernel of 5.7 × 5.7 × 6.7 mm FWHM.
6
Multimodal PET Imaging of Amyloid and Tau
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All eight participants had baseline 18F-AZD4694 and 18F-THK5351 PET scans to quantify brain amyloid and PHF load, respectively. A second 18F-THK5351 scan was conducted 1 week later, 1 h after an oral dose of 10 mg selegiline. Participants were also invited to undergo an optional third 18F-THK5351 PET scan 10 days after the selegiline administration. Each 18F-THK5351 acquisition consisted of dynamic images (4 × 5 min) acquired at 50–70 min after intravenous bolus injection. The mean ± standard deviation injected radioactivity of 18F-THK5351 was 6.6 ± 0.3 mCi for the baseline scan, 6.7 ± 0.4 mCi for the post-selegiline scan, and 6.9 ± 0.4 mCi for the third scan. 18F-AZD4694 acquisition consisted of dynamic images (6 × 5 min) acquired at 40–70 min after intravenous bolus injection of 18F-AZD4694. The injected radioactivity of 18F-AZD4694 was 6.3 ± 0.3 mCi. A 6-min transmission scan was acquired at the end of each PET scan. All PET scans were performed using the Siemens High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT). A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomical scan was also performed for all patients using the 1.5 T Siemens Sonata scanner for co-registration purposes.
7
HR-PET Brain Imaging in Stress Response
8
Radiolabeled Siglec-9 Receptor Imaging
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Chemicals and NAPTM columns (GE Healthcare) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). NOTA-Siglec-9 precursor was obtained from Peptide Specialty Laboratories (Heidelberg, Germany) as a custom synthesis. 68Ga was obtained from a 68Ge/68Ga generator (Eckert & Ziegler, Valencia, CA, USA) by elution with 0.1 M HCl. Traceselect water (Honeywell, Morristown, NJ, USA) was used for radiosynthesis. [18F]-Fluoride was produced with a cyclotron. A High-Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT, Siemens, Knoxville, TN, USA) was used for PET imaging. A Wizard γ-counter (1480 Wizard 3”, PerkinElmer/Wallac, Turku, Finland) was used for radioactivity counting for ex vivo tissue samples.
9
Synthesis and PET Imaging of [11C]ABP688
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[11C]ABP688 was synthetized using the same methodology as in our previous studies (Elmenhorst et al. 2010 (link); DuBois et al. 2016 (link)). [11C]ABP688 was administered as a slow bolus injection through an intravenous line at the antecubital region (injected dose/activity = 356.7 ± 25.2 MBq; specific activity = 13.6 ± 6.3 GBq/μmol, unavailable for 10 of the controls). Immediately following injection, a 1-h dynamic emission scan was acquired in 3D list mode.
Six patients and 7 controls were scanned in the Siemens ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner [approximate resolution, 6 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM)]. The remaining subjects (4 patients, 26 controls) were scanned with the Siemens High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT, approximate resolution of 3 mm FWHM).
After correction for attenuation, scatter, and decay, data were reconstructed by filtered back-projection. The reconstructed time-series was 128 × 128 × 63 voxels (2.45 mm pixels) for the HR+ and 256 × 256 × 207 voxels (1.21875 mm pixels) for the HRRT.
To combine data from both scanners, the HRRT images were blurred with an anisotropic Gaussian kernel of 5.7 × 5.7 × 6.7 mm FWHM, based on findings from an in-house phantom study (unpublished data). The anisotropic Gaussian kernel used here was similar to previously published methods using an isotropic Gaussian kernel of 6 mm FWHM (van Velden et al. 2009 (link)).
Six patients and 7 controls were scanned in the Siemens ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner [approximate resolution, 6 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM)]. The remaining subjects (4 patients, 26 controls) were scanned with the Siemens High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT, approximate resolution of 3 mm FWHM).
After correction for attenuation, scatter, and decay, data were reconstructed by filtered back-projection. The reconstructed time-series was 128 × 128 × 63 voxels (2.45 mm pixels) for the HR+ and 256 × 256 × 207 voxels (1.21875 mm pixels) for the HRRT.
To combine data from both scanners, the HRRT images were blurred with an anisotropic Gaussian kernel of 5.7 × 5.7 × 6.7 mm FWHM, based on findings from an in-house phantom study (unpublished data). The anisotropic Gaussian kernel used here was similar to previously published methods using an isotropic Gaussian kernel of 6 mm FWHM (van Velden et al. 2009 (link)).
10
Amyloid PET Imaging Across Protocols
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A smaller subset of participants underwent amyloid PET ([18F]Florbetapir/AV45) on a Siemens Biograph 64 at Columbia University (voxel size=1x1x2mm3, reconstruction = OSEM3D+TOF, n = 10), on a Siemens Biograph mMR at MGH (voxel size = 2.1x2.1x2.0mm3, reconstruction = OP-OSEM, n = 31), or a Siemens high resolution research tomograph (HRRT) at UC-Irvine (voxel size =1.2x1.2x1.2mm3, reconstruction = OP-OSEM3D, n = 30), using the ADNI protocol (4x5 min frames; 50–70 min post-injection) [39 (link)], and correcting for attenuation, radioactive decay, detector normalization, randoms, and scatter. Using FreeSurfer (v 6.0) defined regions [40 (link)], standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs), with and without partial volume correction (PVC; PETSurfer [41 (link)]), were calculated in PET native space using the cerebellar gray matter as reference region for the cortex (weighted average of anterior cingulate, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, precuneus, and temporal cortex, according to Thal phasing of amyloid deposition in late-onset AD [42 (link)]) and the striatum alone due to its early amyloid accumulation in adults with DS [43 ,44 ].
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