β muricholic acid

Manufactured by Steraloids

Sourced in United States

β-muricholic acid is a bile acid found in rodents. It is used as a reference standard in research and analytical applications.

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5 protocols using β muricholic acid

Baicalin and Bile Acid Regulation

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Baicalin (>98%) was purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Meilunbio, Dalian, China). EE was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standards for BAs for cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), tauromuricholic acid (T-MCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycoursodesoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycohyocholic acid (GHDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), taurohyocholic acid (THDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), and interior label d4-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (d4-GCDCA) were obtained from Steraloids (Newport, RI, USA).
Antibodies directed against FXR, CAR, PXR, VDR, cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) were purchased from Absin Biochemical Company (Shanghai, China). Antibodies directed against Sirt1, HNF-1α, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and NF-κB were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). An antibody against BSEP was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). And an antibody against MRP2 was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).

Yang J., Xiang D., Xiang D., He W., Liu Y., Lan L., Li G., Jiang C., Ren X., Liu D, & Zhang C. (2020). Baicalin Protects Against 17α-Ethinylestradiol-Induced Cholestasis via the Sirtuin 1/Hepatic Nuclear Receptor-1α/Farnesoid X Receptor Pathway. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 1685.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Bile Acid Derivatives

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Deoxy cholic acid (DCA), chenoDeoxy cholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), α-muricholic acid, β-muricholic acid, glycoDeoxy cholic acid (GDCA), glycochenoDeoxy cholic acid (GCDCA), and glycocholic acid (GCA) were obtained from Steraloids, Inc. Bile acid structures are shown in fig. S1. Bile acid A (37 ), 5-cholanic acid-3α,4β,7α-triol (7)(38 (link)), and AMPP (39 (link)) were synthesized according to published procedures. N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), diethylamine, N,N-dimethylformamide, trisodium citrate, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chloroform, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, fetal calf serum, and penicillin G and streptomycin sulfate were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. HPLC solvents (methanol and acetonitrile) were HPLC grade and were purchased from EMD Chemicals. Milli-Q ultrapure water was prepared in-house with a Milli-Q Integral Water Purification System.

Jiang X., Sidhu R., Mydock L., Hsu F.F., Covey D.F., Scherrer D.E., Earley B., Gale S.E., Farhat N.Y., Porter F.D., Dietzen D.J., Orsini J.J., Berry-Kravis E., Zhang X., Reunert J., Marquardt T., Runz H., Giugliani R., Schaffer J.E, & Ory D.S. (2016). Development of a Bile Acid-Based Newborn Screen for Niemann-Pick C Disease. Science translational medicine, 8(337), 337ra63.

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Bile Acid Compound Sourcing Protocol

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Tauro cholic acid (TCA), tauro-β-muri cholic acid (TMCA), tauromurideoxycholic acid (TMDCA), taurochenodeoxy cholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxy cholic acid (TDCA), taurolitho cholic acid (TLCA), cholic acid (CA), α-muricholic acid (αMCA), β-muricholic acid (βMCA), ω-muricholic acid (ωMCA), murideoxycholic acid (MDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), and lithocholic acid (LCA) were purchased from either Steraloids, Inc. (Newport, RI) or Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Clofibric acid (CLOF) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO). Chloroform, agarose, and ethidium bromide were purchased from AMRESCO Inc. (Solon, OH). RNA-Bee was purchased from TelTest Inc. (Friendswood, TX). All other chemicals, unless indicated, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO).

Zhang Y., Lickteig A.J., Csanaky I.L, & Klaassen C.D. (2017). Activation of PPARα decreases bile acids in livers of female mice while maintaining bile flow and biliary bile acid excretion. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 338, 112-123.

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Quantifying Bile Acid Profiles

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BA standards including cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co (Steinheim, Germany). α-muricholic acid (α-MCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), ω-muricholic acid (ω-MCA), tauro-cholic acid (T-CA), tauro-chenodeoxycholic acid (T-CDCA), tauro-deoxycholic acid (T-DCA), tauro-lithocholic acid (T-LCA), tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid (T-UDCA), tauro-α-muricholic acid (T-α-MCA), tauro- β-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA), glyco-cholic acid (G-CA), glyco-chenodeoxycholic acid (G-CDCA), glyco-deoxycholic acid (G-DCA), glyco-lithocholic acid (G-LCA), glyco-ursodeoxycholic acid (G-UDCA) and deuterated internal standards (IS) lithocholic acid-2,2,4,4-D4 (LCA-D4), deoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-D4 (DCA-D4) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-D4 (GCDCA-D4) were obtained from Steraloids, Inc. (Newport, RI, USA). Methanol HPLC grade was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultra-pure reagent water was purified by a Milli-Q gradient system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Acetonitrile LC-MS grade was from VWR and formic acid LC-MS grade was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Co.

Ghaffarzadegan T., Essén S., Verbrugghe P., Marungruang N., Hållenius F.F., Nyman M, & Sandahl M. (2019). Determination of free and conjugated bile acids in serum of Apoe(−/−) mice fed different lingonberry fractions by UHPLC-MS. Scientific Reports, 9, 3800.

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Bile Acid Induction of tcpA Promoter

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P_tcpA-sh-ble was grown as overnight culture, diluted 1:1000 in fresh LB, and grown for ~2 hours at 37°C. Each reaction was prepared in 40μl 0.5X pH 8.5 LB medium, with sodium taurocholate hydrate (TC, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium glycocholate hydrate (Sigma Aldrich), cholic acid (CA, Alfa Aesar), sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium glycodeoxycholate (Sigma Aldrich), deoxycholic acid (DCA, MB Biomedicals), tauro-β-muricholic acid (Steraloids Inc.), or β-muricholic acid (Steraloids Inc.) added to a final concentration of 125μM. 2μl of reporter strain subculture was then added, and samples incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 4hrs. 2μl of each reaction was then added to 200μl of 0.5X LB pH 8.5 +/−10μg/ml of zeocin (Sigma Aldrich), incubated for 30 minutes aerobically at 37°C with agitation, and then serially diluted and plated onto LB agar plates with streptomycin to determine survival rates. Induction represents percentage of P_tcpA-sh-ble reporter cells surviving treatment with zeocin after incubation with indicated samples under anaerobic conditions, defined as (zeocin-treated sample survival/average of no-zeocin controls)*100. Where noted, survival rates were normalized to that induced by 125μM taurocholate.

Alavi S., Mitchell J.D., Cho J.Y., Liu R., Macbeth J.C, & Hsiao A. (2020). Interpersonal Gut Microbiome Variation Drives Susceptibility and Resistance to Cholera Infection. Cell, 181(7), 1533-1546.e13.

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