Methimazole

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Methimazole is a laboratory reagent used in analytical and research applications. It is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula C4H6N2S. Methimazole functions as an organic compound with specific chemical properties that may be useful in various laboratory procedures and experiments.

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Lab products found in correlation

38 protocols using methimazole

Olfactory Bulb and Nasal Epithelium Dissection

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Mice were sacrificed with a lethal dose of xylazine and nasal epithelium with attached olfactory bulbs were dissected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscope Sciences, 19202) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for overnight at 4°C or for 2 hours at room temperature. Tissues were washed in PBS for 3 times (5 min each) and incubated in 0.45M EDTA in PBS overnight at 4°C. The following day, tissues were rinsed by PBS and incubated in 30 % Sucrose in PBS for at least 30 min, transferred to Tissue Freezing Medium (VWR, 15146-025) for at least 45 min and frozen on crushed dry ice and stored at -80°C until sectioning. Tissue sections (20 µm thick for the olfactory bulb and 12 µm thick for nasal epithelium) were collected on Superfrost Plus glass slides (VWR, 48311703) and stored at -80°C until immunostaining.
For methimazole treated samples, Adult C57BL/6J mice (6-12 weeks old, JAX stock No. 000664) were given intraperitoneal injections with methimazole (Sigma M8506) at 50 µg/g body weight and sacrificed at 24, 48, and 96-hour timepoints.

Brann D.H., Tsukahara T., Weinreb C., Lipovsek M., Berge K.V.d., Gong B., Chance R.K., Macaulay I.C., Chou H., Fletcher R.B., Das D., Street K., Bézieux H.R.d., Choi Y., Risso D., Dudoit S., Purdom E., Mill J., Hachem R.A., Matsunami H., Logan D.W., Goldstein B.J., Grubb M.S., Ngai J., & Datta S.R. (2020). Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia.

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Hypothyroidism Induction in Female Rabbits

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Twelve Chinchilla-breed virgin female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were housed under controlled temperature (20 ± 2°C) and light : dark cycle of 16 : 8 h. By using these conditions, most of females are in an early proestrus phase [15 (link)]. They were daily provided with pellet food (120 g/day) and tap water ad libitum. Hypothyroidism was induced by the administration of 0.02% methimazole (Sigma; approximate diary dosage 10 mg/kg) in drinking water for one month. This dose reduces serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and increases concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH) in rabbits as previously reported [15 (link)]. At the end of this treatment, control and hypothyroid rabbits were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and subsequently euthanized with an overdose of the same anesthetic. The Ethics Committee from the Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, according to the guidelines of the Mexican Law for Production, Care, and Use of Laboratory Animals, approved this experimental design.

Rodríguez-Castelán J., Méndez-Tepepa M., Carrillo-Portillo Y., Anaya-Hernández A., Rodríguez-Antolín J., Zambrano E., Castelán F, & Cuevas-Romero E. (2017). Hypothyroidism Reduces the Size of Ovarian Follicles and Promotes Hypertrophy of Periovarian Fat with Infiltration of Macrophages in Adult Rabbits. BioMed Research International, 2017, 3795950.

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In Vitro Metabolism and Inhibition

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PSA was provided by Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Stony Brook, NY). Sulindac, Sulindac sulfone, Sulindac sulfide, dithiothreitol, methimazole, and CH₃CN of HPLC grade were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Quinidine and ketoconazole were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, ON, Canada). Mouse and human liver microsomes, rat liver cytosol, recombinant human CYPs (CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4), FMOs (FMO1, FMO3 and FMO5), NADPH regenerating solution, and cryopreserved rat hepatocytes were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA). Human intestine, kidney and lung microsomes were purchased from XenoTech LLC (Lenexa, KS).

Xie G., Cheng K.W., Huang L, & Rigas B. (2014). The in vitro metabolism of phospho-sulindac amide, a novel potential anticancer agent. Biochemical pharmacology, 91(2), 249-255.

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Cardiovascular Pharmacology Protocol

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The following drugs, salts, and solutions were used: ketamine hydrochloride (Syntec, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), xylazine hydrochloride (Syntec, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), and heparin (Hipolabor, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME), phenylephrine (Phe), sodium nitroprusside, acetylcholine, NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, MgSO₄, NaHCO₃, KH₂PO₄, dextrose, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, cholesterol, cholecalciferol, colic acid, and methimazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All of the other reagents were obtained in analytical grade.

Guarnier L.P., Romão P.V., Palozi R.A., Silva A.O., Lorençone B.R., Marques A.A., dos Santos A.C., Souza R.I., Souza K.D., Lourenço E.L, & Gasparotto Junior A. (2019). Development of a Predictive Model to Induce Atherogenesis and Hepato-Renal Impairment in Female Rats. Biomolecules, 9(11), 664.

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Regeneration of Olfactory Epithelium

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As a depleted and regenerated OE model, mice were treated with a single intraperitoneal co-injection of Dichlobenil (2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile), and methimazole (Sigma-Aldrich, ST. Louis, MO). Dichlobenil was dissolved in a mixture (1:4; v/v) of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich) and corn oil, and administered at 50mg/kg. methimazole was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, and administered at 50mg/kg. Five weeks after intraperitoneal injection, nasal tissues were harvested for vital staining (n = 4) and histological analysis (n = 4).

Nishijima H., Zunitch M.J., Yoshida M., Kondo K., Yamasoba T., Schwob J.E, & Holbrook E.H. (2022). Rapid fluorescent vital imaging of olfactory epithelium. iScience, 25(5), 104222.

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Methimazole-Induced Hypothyroidism in Rats

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This investigation was approved by the Wake Forest University Animal Care and Use Committee and conforms to the Guide for the Care and Use Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources 1996). Forty male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 280~300g (Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.) were used for this experiment. Rats were randomly and equally divided into control and hypothyroid groups (n=26 each). The hypothyroid group received methimazole (0.04%, 30mg/kg/day, Sigma-Aldrich Co.) in their drinking water for 8 weeks. Body weight was measured once per week, and average food and water intake were recorded twice per week. All animals were maintained in the same environment, including temperature and humidity, and free access to food and water.

Shao Q., Cheng H.J., Callahan M.F., Kitzman D.W., Li W.M, & Cheng C.P. (2015). Overexpression Myocardial Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction and Beta-Adrenergic Desensitization in Experimental Hypothyroidism,. International journal of cardiology, 204, 229-241.

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Comprehensive Chemical Exposure Protocol

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All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: bisphenol A (BPA; purity ≥99%), diethylstilbestrol (DES; purity ≥99%), endosulfan (END; analytical standard grade), 17β-estradiol (E2; purity ≥98%), fulvestrant (FUL; purity ≥98%), hexaconazole (HEX; analytical standard grade), methimazole (MMI; analytical standard grade), 17α-methyl testosterone (17-αMT; purity ≥97.0%), nandrolone (NAN; analytical standard grade), nilutamide (NIL; solid), testosterone (TES; purity ≥99%), 3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3; purity ≥95%), vinclozolin (VIN; analytical standard grade). Stock solutions for all chemicals were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), with the only exception being MMI, which was prepared in E3 media (Table S1).

Jarque S., Ibarra J., Rubio-Brotons M., García-Fernández J, & Terriente J. (2019). Multiplex Analysis Platform for Endocrine Disruption Prediction Using Zebrafish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(7), 1739.

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Methimazole-Induced Olfactory Tissue Fixation

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Methimazole (Sigma) was diluted at 5 µg/µL in PBS and injected intraperitoneally to mice at 50 mg/Kg of animal weight. Olfactory tissue was fixed at 3 days following Methimazole injection.

Fan J.R., Lee H.T., Lee W., Lin C.H., Hsu C.Y., Hsieh C.H, & Shyu W.C. (2018). Potential role of CBX7 in regulating pluripotency of adult human pluripotent-like olfactory stem cells in stroke model. Cell Death & Disease, 9(5), 502.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Methazolamide Conjugates

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Methazolamide, acivicin, isoniazid and methimazole were purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dexamethasone, β-naphthoflavone, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), acetic acid and acetonitrile were obtained from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). In quantitative studies, we employed purified Methazolamide. It was purified in our laboratory by HPLC as described in the next paragraph. Cysteine, cysteinylglycine, and glutathione conjugates of Methazolamide were prepared in our laboratory according to the method described in the preceding paper [27 (link)]. N-[3 (link)-Methyl-5-sulfo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]acetamide (MSO), and N-(3-methyl-5-mercapto-Δ⁴-1,3,4-thiadiazol–2-yl)acetamide (MSH) were also synthesized in our laboratory [14 (link)]. Fig. (1) shows the chemical structure of these compounds with their code names as used in this text. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and Dulbecco’s MEM were obtained from Nikken Bioscience (Kyoto, Japan). Fetal bovine serum (Cat #12-10378) was supplied by IRH Biosciences (Lenexa, KS, USA).

Sasabe T., Maeda S., Kishida K., Yamano M., Miwa Y, & Sugiyama T. (2016). The Metabolism of Methazolamide in Immortalized Human Keratinocytes, HaCaT Cells. Drug Metabolism Letters, 10(4), 295-305.

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Olfactory Epithelium Ablation Protocols

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To chemically ablate the olfactory epithelium, methimazole (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was administered via single intraperitoneal injection (50 mg/kg). To surgically ablate the OE by severing the axons of mature sensory neurons, OBX was performed according to standard methods (Brann and Firestein, 2010 (link)). Briefly, mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection with a mixture of ketamine/xylazine (100 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg, respectively). A small hole was cut in the frontal bone over the right olfactory bulb with a dental drill, and the bulb was removed by aspiration. The cavity was filled with Gelfoam (Pfizer Pharmacia and Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI) to control bleeding, and the skin over the wound was sutured closed with Vetbond (3M, St. Paul, MN).

Brann J.H., Ellis D.P., Ku B.S., Spinazzi E.F, & Firestein S. (2015). Injury in aged animals robustly activates quiescent olfactory neural stem cells. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 367.

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