Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines using Kirby-Bauer method (CLSI, 2014) (12 ). Antibiotics used were benzyl penicillin (10U), piperacillin tazobactam (100-10 μg), amoxicillin clavulanic acid (20-10 μg), impenem (10 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg) chloramphenicol (30 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), moxifloxacin (5 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), levofloxacin (5 μg) vancomycin (5 μg) and metronidazole (4 μg) (Oxoid, UK). Inoculated Mueller Hinton agar plates (HiMedia, India) were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours in the anaerobic jar using Anaerogen gas packs (90% N2 /10% CO2) (Oxoid, UK). E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as standard strain to check the standardization of the disks.
Moxifloxacin
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
Moxifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria and can be used for various microbiological applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Tetracycline, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Levofloxacin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Ciprofloxacin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Erythromycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Gentamicin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Chloramphenicol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Ceftriaxone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Vancomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Tigecycline, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Linezolid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Cefepime, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Meropenem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Amikacin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Ofloxacin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Oxacillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Nitrofurantoin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Penicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Benzylpenicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Impenem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
7 protocols using moxifloxacin
1
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Bacterial Isolates
2
Antimicrobial Activity of Nanocomposite Discs
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Studies in the literature have shown that ZnO nanoparticles [19 (link), 20 (link)], HSP [20 (link)–22 (link)], and PVA [16 (link)] exhibit antimicrobial activity. For these reasons, the antibacterial activities of the only synthesized nanocomposites were investigated in the present study. The results obtained were interpreted by comparing them with the antibacterial activities of the ZnO, HSP, and PVA mentioned in the literature.
The antibacterial activity of nanocomposites was determined by the disc diffusion method. For this, three 10-mm-diameter discs were created for each of the synthesized nanocomposites. The Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25,923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25,922) bacterial strains used in the study were enriched in peptone water. Suspensions were prepared at an average concentration of 106–107 CFU/mL by counting via the serial dilution method. Afterwards, incubation was carried out using 1 mL Petri dishes containing 25 mL Mueller-Hilton agar (Oxoid CM337). One day later, the prepared nanocomposite discs and the antibiotic (moxifloxacin, Oxoid) disc used for the control were placed in Petri dishes and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in an oven. At the end of the incubation, the zones of inhibition (mm) formed around each disc were measured [23 (link)].
The antibacterial activity of nanocomposites was determined by the disc diffusion method. For this, three 10-mm-diameter discs were created for each of the synthesized nanocomposites. The Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25,923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25,922) bacterial strains used in the study were enriched in peptone water. Suspensions were prepared at an average concentration of 106–107 CFU/mL by counting via the serial dilution method. Afterwards, incubation was carried out using 1 mL Petri dishes containing 25 mL Mueller-Hilton agar (Oxoid CM337). One day later, the prepared nanocomposite discs and the antibiotic (moxifloxacin, Oxoid) disc used for the control were placed in Petri dishes and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in an oven. At the end of the incubation, the zones of inhibition (mm) formed around each disc were measured [23 (link)].
3
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of C. difficile
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Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method using Mueller–Hinton agar (HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India, MV1084), according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (19 ). After incubating the inoculated plate anaerobically at 37 °C for 2 days, the susceptibility of the C. difficile isolates against metronidazole (5 µg/disk), rifampicin (5 µg/disk), vancomycin (5 µg/disk), clindamycin (2 µg/disk), erythromycin (15 µg/disk), fidaxomicin (5 µg/disk), moxifloxacin (5 µg/disk), tigecycline (15 µg/disk), linezolid (30 µg/disk), fusidic acid (10 µg/disk) and tetracycline (30 µg/disk) antimicrobial agents (Oxoid, UK) was measured. Results were interpreted in accordance with interpretive criteria provided by CLSI (2012) (19 ). C. difficile ATCC 9689 was used as quality control organisms in antimicrobial susceptibility determination.
4
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of V. cholerae
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V. cholerae isolates were measured for in vitro susceptibility to 17 antimicrobial agents (Oxoid, UK) as described previously [6 (link),9 (link),21 (link),53 (link)]. The 17 drugs included amikacin (AK, 30 μg), amoxicillin/novobiocin (AMC, 30 μg), AMP (10 μg), chloramphenicol (CHL, 30 μg), gentamicin (CN, 10 μg), doxycycline (DOX, 30 μg), erythromycin (EM, 15 μg), enrofloxacin (ENR, 5 μg), cefepime (FEP, 30 μg), imipenem (IPM, 10 μg), meropenem (MEM, 10 μg), moxifloxacin (MXF, 5 μg), RIF (5 μg), SXT (25 μg), tetracycline (TET, 30 μg), tobramycin (TOB, 10 μg), and trimethoprim (TM, 5 μg) (Oxoid, UK). Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (Institute of Industrial Microbiology, Shanghai, China) was used as a quality control strain in the antibiotic susceptibility assay [6 (link),9 (link),21 (link),53 (link)].
5
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Isolates
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The antibiotics susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid, England). Inhibition zone diameter values were measured and interpreted using the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing breakpoint (EUCAST 2018). The isolates were tested against nine antibiotics, namely pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, oxacillin and erythromycin (Oxoid, England). E. coli ATCC 25922 strain was used as a control for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
6
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol
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The antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed usingthe disk diffusion and the VITEK 2 system (bioM’erieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) and interpreted by the protocol specified in the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2015). The antibacterial agents included cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, ceftazidime, cefazolin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, amoxycillin, minocycline, piperacillin, azithromycin, nitrofurantoin, polymyxin B, and meropenem (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). MDR isolates were defined as resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Isolates were defined as extensively drug resistant (XDR) if they were not susceptible to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antibacterial categories (ie, bacterial isolates remained susceptible to only one or two antibacterial categories).
7
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Lactobacillus
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Double-layer disc diffusion was used to determine the susceptibility to metronidazole (5μg), clindamycin (2μg), penicillin (2μg) and amoxicillin (10μg; Davies Diagnostics, South Africa), as described previously [58 (link)]. These experiments were performed in duplicate. For rifampicin and rifabutin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using two-fold serial dilutions according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) 2019 guidelines, with concentrations ranging from 5–0.00488μg/mL for rifabutin and 25–0.024μg/mL for rifampicin. MICs below the lowest or above the highest concentration tested were assigned a MIC half of the lowest or twice the highest concentration tested, respectively. Experiments were performed in duplicate. For a subset of Lactobacillus strains (n = 20), broader antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined using Sensititre GPALL1F plates (including ampicillin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, daptomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, nitrofurantoin, oxacillin, penicillin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, rifampin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tigecycline, trimethoprim/sulamethoxazole and vancomycin; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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