HP-20, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis
(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), ascorbic acid, fluoresceine, ferrozine,
aluminum chloride, and all other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich,
(Schnelldorf, Germany). Rutin and gallic acid were purchased from
Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo, USA). The Folin–Ciocalteu
reagent was from Loba-Chemie (Mumbai, India). Propylene glycol monocaprylate
(Capryol 90) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol P)
were kindly supplied by Gattefossé (Saint Priest, France).
LC–MS analysis was carried out on a Waters Acuity UPLC system,
and all spectrophotometric analyses were conducted on microplate reader
BMG Labtech FluoStar Omega (Ortenberg, Germany). All solvents used
for extraction were of analytical grade, while solvents used for LC–MS
analysis were of HPLC-mass grade.