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4 protocols using α catenin

1

Immunoblotting and Immunofluorescence Assay Protocol

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Blebbistatin (B05060), low-endotoxin BSA (A8806), PA (P9767), and Y27632 (Y0503) were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), while cis-PO/palmitoleic acid (10009871) was from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI). Antibodies used for immunoblotting were α-actinin (Millipore Sigma; A7811), β-actin (Cell Signaling; 4790), α-catenin (ThermoFisher; 13-9700), β-catenin (BD Biosciences; 610153), VE-cadherin (Santa Cruz; 9989), RhoA (Santa Cruz; c-418), IRDye 800CW goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) (LI-COR; 9253211), and IRDye 680LT goat anti-mouse IgG (92668070). Antibodies and reagents used for immunofluorescence were α-catenin (ThermoFisher; 13-9700), β-catenin (BD Biosciences; 610153), DAPI (4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride; ThermoFisher; D1306), GM130 (BD Biosciences; 610823), phospho-MLC (Cell Signaling; 3674), phalloidin (Alexa Fluor 555) (ThermoFisher; A34055), phospho-YAP S127 (Abcam; 76252), YAP (Cell Signaling 14074), VE-cadherin (Santa Cruz; 9989), goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 488) (ThermoFisher; A11008), goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 647) (ThermoFisher; A21235). Dako fluorescence mounting medium (S3023) was from Aligent. Y227632 (Y0503) was from Millipore Sigma (Burlington, MA). The plasmid encoding GFP–β-actin was kindly provided by Sergio Grinstein (Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada).
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2

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers

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A549 cells were cultured on cover glasses, fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde, and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS. The cover glasses were incubated with the primary antibodies (E-cadherin, α-catenin, vimentin and N-cadherin, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at 1:50 dilutions. E-cadherin, α-catenin, vimentin and N-cadherin were detected with an anti-goat secondary antibody conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen Life Technologies). The fluorescent staining was visualized using a 63× NA 1.3 oil objective on a confocal microscope (LSM 510 Meta; Carl Zeiss, Inc.). The images were captured with sequential acquisition settings at a resolution of 512 × 512 pixels with a 12-bit depth. The confocal settings were fixed for the duration of the experiments to enable the comparisons of the fluorescence intensities.
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3

Co-culture Assay for Cell-Cell Interactions

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The hCMVECs were plated in collagen-coated 96-well plates (cat# 161093, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and allowed to grow for 48 h, after which CellTracker™ Green CMFDA (5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate, cat# C7025, Invitrogen)-stained NZM cells (1 µM) were added at a 1:10 ratio. Cells were incubated in co-culture for 30 min. Fixation and permeabilisation were performed with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% Triton X in PBS, respectively. Blocking was performed using 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cells were stained for α-catenin (dilution 1:100, cat# 13-9700, Invitrogen).
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4

Immunofluorescence Labeling of Neural Organoids

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Neural organoids were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) at room temperature for 40 min, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections 10 μm-thick were obtained, rehydrated, blocked with buffer containing 1% bovine serum albumin for 45 min at 23 °C and incubated with primary antibodies: FOLR1, 1:250 (Bioworld Technologies, cat. # BS386); SOX2, 1:200 (R&D Systems, cat. # AF2018); pan-cadherin, 1:300 (Abcam, cat. # ab22744); α-catenin, 1:250 (Invitrogen, cat. # 13-9700) in blocking buffer overnight at 4 °C, followed by incubation with fluorescently tagged Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies: anti-mouse 647 donkey, 1:300 (Invitrogen, cat. # A31571), anti-rabbit 488 donkey (Invitrogen, cat. # A21206) and anti-goat 596 donkey (Invitrogen, cat. # A11057) for 1 h at 23 °C. Imaging of 20–25 sections per fluorescently labeled neural organoid was done under a confocal microscope (Nikon A1) through a 1 μm-step z-stack scanning.
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