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The procedure of the cell migration assay was conducted according to a procedure reported in previous research [31 (link)]. The Oris seeding stoppers were cultured with 1 × 10⁴ MSCs per well and incubated for 24 and 48 h to reach confluency. Afterwards, the stoppers were removed, with the exception of one which was used in reference for pre-migration. The seeded plates were incubated at 37 °C for further investigation of pre-migration (t = 0 h) and post-migration (24 to 48 h). Afterwards, 200 μL of Calcein AM (2 μM, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) was added to each well and stained for 30 min at each time point, with the migration ability observed using a Zeiss Axio Imager A1 fluorescence microscope (White Plains, NY, USA). The semi-quantification of cell migration distance was acquired through Image J 5.0 software (Becton Dickinson, Canton, MA, USA).

The procedure of cell migration assay was followed in a previous study [25 (link)]. First, 1 × 10⁴ per well of MSCs were added into Oris seeding stoppers for 24 h of incubation to reach confluency. Next, the stoppers were removed and used as a pre-migration reference (t = 0 h). The post migration was represented at 24 h. Next, 200 μL of a Calcein AM solution (2 μM, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) was added to the culture plates and stained for 30 min at the time points of 0 and 24 h. The cells were observed by a Zeiss Axio Imager A1 fluorescence microscope (White Plains, NY, USA). Cell migration distance was semi-quantified using Image J 5.0 software (Becton Dickinson, Canton, MA, USA). The MSC alone represented as the control.