Tetraethylammonium fluoride hydrate (TEAF, 97%), tetra-n-propylammonium chloride (TPACl, 99%), chloroacetic acid (HClOAC, 98%), vanadium(iv ) oxide acetylacetonate, and anhydrous potassium fluoride (KF, 99%) were purchased from Bean Town Chemicals. Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride hydrate (TBAF) and tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) were purchased from Oakwood Chemicals. TBAPF6 was recrystallized from ethanol twice prior to use. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl, 99%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Zinc acetate dihydrate, 97% was purchased from Acros Organics. Tetramethylammonium fluoride tetrahydrate (TMAF, 98%) was purchased from Matrix Scientific. Calcium chloride dihydrate was purchased from VWR. Ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate, 97% was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All chemicals were used as obtained unless mentioned otherwise. All solvents were obtained from Fisher Scientific, distilled over drying reagent and stored in a nitrogen-filled glovebox with oxygen and moisture content less than 1 ppm.
Calcium chloride dihydrate
Manufactured by Avantor
Sourced in Hungary
Calcium chloride dihydrate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCl₂·2H₂O. It is a crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. Calcium chloride dihydrate is commonly used as a desiccant and in various industrial applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Pepsin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Zinc acetate dihydrate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mgcl2 6h2o, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Sucrose, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Peptone, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Beef extract, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Norfloxacin, by ABCR (1 mentions)
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Purelab flex 2, by Elga LabWater (1 mentions)
96 well cell culture plates, by Avantor (1 mentions)
11 protocols using calcium chloride dihydrate
1
Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds
2
Characterization of Sodium Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate
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Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2·2H2O, ACS reagent grade; VWR, Radnor, PA, USA), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2∙6H2O, ACS reagent grade; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium ‘dodecylbenzensulfonate’ (NaDBS, technical grade; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (Na2EDTA∙2H2O, analytical grade; Reanal, Budapest, Hungary), and methanol (HPLC gradient grade; VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) were used as received. The metal-ion content of the hydrated salts was checked by complexometric titration using Na2EDTA as titrant.
As for NaDBS, it is known to be composed of sulfonates with different chain lengths [34 (link)]. Thus, its exact composition was determined via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS; for technical details, see below). Based on the relative peak counts, the highest fraction is undecylbenzene sulfonate (43%) followed by dodecylbenzene sulfonate (27%) with the average molar mass being 336.81 g mol–1 for the sodium salt; see the mass spectrum inFigure 1 . Therefore, this compound will be referred to as sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, NaLAS, throughout this work.
As for NaDBS, it is known to be composed of sulfonates with different chain lengths [34 (link)]. Thus, its exact composition was determined via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS; for technical details, see below). Based on the relative peak counts, the highest fraction is undecylbenzene sulfonate (43%) followed by dodecylbenzene sulfonate (27%) with the average molar mass being 336.81 g mol–1 for the sodium salt; see the mass spectrum in
3
Antibacterial Cellulose Paper Testing
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Norfloxacin, 95%, was purchased from abcr GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Commercially available, cellulose-based paper (Soft & Sicher, dm-drogerie markt GmbH + Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) was utilised as the paper matrix. Sucrose, peptone, beef extract, sodium chloride and potassium chloride were acquired from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Agar was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Pty Ltd. (Darmstadt, Germany). Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, calcium chloride dihydrate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, di-potassium hydrogen phosphate and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate were acquired from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Aliivibrio fischeri (A. fischeri) bacterial strain (ATCC 7744/ NCMB 1281) was obtained from Dr. G. Schuchardt® (Göttingen, Germany). Purified water was freshly obtained from a PURELAB Flex 2 (ELGA LabWater, Veolia Water Technologies GmbH, Celle, Germany).
4
DMAT Physicochemical Characterization Protocol
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DMAT (CAS# 749234-11-5) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Buchs (St. Gallen, Switzerland). The in silico physicochemical characterization of DMAT was carried out using SwissADME [29 (link)]. Low-viscosity-grade sodium alginate was obtained from BÜCHI Labortechnik AG (Flawil, Switzerland). Transcutol® HP (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) was obtained from Gattefossé (Saint-Priest, France. The human adenocarcinoma cancer cell line (Caco-2) originated from the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK). TrypLE™ Express Enzyme (no phenol red) was bought from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Calcium chloride dihydrate, 96-well cell culture plates, and culturing flasks were purchased from VWR International (Debrecen, Hungary). Transwell® 24-well cell culture inserts were supplied by Greiner Bio-One Hungary Kft. (Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary). All other products were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA).
5
Chitosan-based Magnetic Composite Synthesis
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Medium molecular weight (190–310 kDa) chitosan powder and glutaraldehyde (25% solution in water) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Glacial acetic acid 99.8–100.5%, hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pellets, calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2·2H2O), and sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from VWR Chemicals BDH. Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) were procured from Riedel-de Haën and Merck, respectively. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and ARS (C14H7NaO7S) were bought from Carl Roth. Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO4·7H2O) and indigo carmine (C16H8N2Na2O8S2) were attained from KMF Laborchemie Handels GmbH and Alfa Aesar, respectively.
6
Neurochemical Reagent Sourcing Protocol
7
Insulin Permeability Enhancement in Caco-2 Cells
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Human recombinant insulin, pepsin (≥400 unit/mg protein), and pancreatin (≥3× USP specifications) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium alginate was purchased from BÜCHI Labortechnik AG (Flawil, Switzerland). Calcium chloride dihydrate was ordered from VWR International (Debrecen, Hungary). Labrasol ALF (Caprylocaproyl Prolyoxyl-8-glycerides) and Labrafil M2125 CS (Linoleoyl Polyoxyl-6 glycerides) were purchased from Gattefossé (Saint-Priest, France). The Caco-2 cell line was obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK). MTT dye (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), L-glutamine, non-essential amino acids solution, and penicillin-streptomycin solution were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). TrypLE™ Express Enzyme (no phenol red) and Pierce™ Detergent Compatible Bradford Assay Kit were ordered from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
8
Profenofos Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Assay
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Profenofos, 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 5,5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and acetylthiocholine iodide (ATC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands). Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2⋅6H2O), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2⋅2H2O) were purchased from VWR International (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Acetonitrile (ACN, UPLC/MS grade) was purchased from Biosolve (Valkenswaard, The Netherlands). Human liver microsomes and cytosol (pooled from 150 human donors, mixed gender), rat liver microsomes and rat liver cytosol (pooled from 20 male Sprague–Dawley rats) were purchased from Corning (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Recombinant human acetylcholinesterase was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands). Rat blood was purchased from BioIVT (Westbury, USA), human and rat plasma were purchased from Innovate (New York, USA).
9
HPLC Analysis of Malvidin-3-O-glucoside
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HPLC grade methanol was purchased from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands), citric acid (≥ 99.5%), magnesium sulphate (anhydrous, ≥ 99.5%), malic acid (≥ 99.0%), p-coumaric acid (≥ 98.0%,), potassium phosphate monobasic (for molecular biology, ≥ 98.0%), tartaric acid (≥ 99.5%), and trifluoroacetic acid (Reagentplus ® , 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Calcium chloride dihydrate (≥ 99.0%) and glucose (for biotechnology) were purchased from VWR (Wien, Austria). Fructose (≥ 99.0%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). Double deionized water (ddH 2 O) was used for preparation of all aqueous solutions (18.2 MOhm, ELGA LabWater, High Wycombe, UK). Malvidin-3-O-glucoside standard (≥ 95.0%) was purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). 100 mg/L stock solution of malvidin-3-Oglucoside standard was prepared in methanol and stored at -20 °C. Prior to the analysis appropriate volume of malvidin-3-O-glucoside stock solution was evaporated to dryness using Genevac™ miVac centrifugal concentrator (Ipswich, UK) and reconstituted in mobile phase A (0.2% trifluoroacetic acid in ddH 2 O) in order to prepare standard solutions for calibration.
10
Encapsulation of Probiotic Lactobacillus
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Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826 was obtained from the UK National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB). MRS broth and agar and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were obtained from Oxoid. Sodium alginate (19-40 kDa), dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (DDAC), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), benzalkonium chloride (BZK), ammonium lauryl sulphate (ALS), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), Nile Red (for microscopy) and glycerol, pepsin (from porcine) and pancreatin lipase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. L-alphalecithin was purchased from ACROS Organics. Glacial acetic acid 96% (v/v), sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Fisher Scientific. Calcium chloride dihydrate was purchased from VWR International.
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