Fls 1000 instrument

DSPE‐mPEG₂₀₀₀ was purchased from Shanghai Yare Co. Ltd. ROS probes, TEMPO, DMPO, SOSG, and DCFH‐DA, were purchased from Adamas‐Beta. Hypoxia probe ROS‐ID was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences Co. Ltd. (USA). All other chemical agents were purchased from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co. Ltd. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra were measured utilizing JEOL ECZ‐400 spectrometer (400 MHz) and Bruker Ultra Shield Plus (400 MHz). Mass spectroscopy of photosensitizers was measured using MALDI‐TOF mass instruments. The diameter of nanoparticles was characterized by a dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer (NanoPlus, Micromeritics Instrument Co. Ltd.). UV–vis absorption was measured by a UV‐3600 Shimadzu UV–vis–NIR spectrometer. Fluorescence spectra were tested with a Thermo Fisher fluorophotometer, and the fluorescence decay was obtained on Edinburgh FLS 1000 instrument. Confocal fluorescence imaging was carried out employing Olympus IX 70 imaging systems. In vivo fluorescence images of tumor‐bearing mice were conducted by using Fluor Vivo 2000 INDEC imaging system.

Pyridoxine, EuCl₃, Na₂SO₃ and other compounds were unpurified using commercially available standard chemicals. Deionized water used in the experiments was prepared in the laboratory.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of the CDs were recorded using a JEOL-2100F. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were obtained using a Nicolet IS-10 FTIR spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were obtained using a Nicolet IS-10 FTIR spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (AXIS ULTRA DLD). UV-vis absorption spectra were tested on an Agilent Cary 300 Scan. The zeta potential and hydrodynamic size of the samples were determined using a Zetasizer Nano ZS-90 analyzer (Malvern Instruments). Absolute QY and lifetimes were determined using a FLS1000 instrument (Edinburgh Instruments). Fluorescence spectra were obtained using an F97 Pro fluorescence spectrophotometer. Cells were imaged using a Leica TCS-SP8 confocal microscope.