Ethanol was supplied by Ethanol Supplies World Co. (Jeonju, Republic of Korea). Diethyl ether, n-butanol, methyl alcohol, anhydrous ethyl alcohol (99.9%), sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, and oxalic acid were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co. (Siheung, Republic of Korea). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, carbazole, galacturonic acid, gallic acid, and catechin were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ascorbic acid was purchased from Reagent Duksan (Ansan, Republic of Korea). Aluminum chloride and sodium nitrite were obtained from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Ginsenosides standards such as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, F1, Rd, F2, and Rg3 for HPLC analysis were supplied by Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Republic of Korea).
Citric acid
Manufactured by Daejung Chemicals
Sourced in United States
Citric acid is a commonly used chemical compound in laboratory settings. It is a weak organic acid with the chemical formula C6H8O7. Citric acid is a naturally occurring substance found in citrus fruits and is widely used in a variety of applications, including as a food additive, pH regulator, and chelating agent.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium carbonate, by Daejung Chemicals (2 mentions)
Keracyanin chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Kuromanin chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Potassium acetate, by Junsei (2 mentions)
Sodium alginate, by Daejung Chemicals (2 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Carbazole, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium nitrite, by Junsei (1 mentions)
Oxalic acid, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Aluminum chloride, by Junsei (1 mentions)
Galacturonic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Diethyl ether, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
6 protocols using citric acid
1
Comprehensive Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant Evaluation
2
Probiotic Formulation Characterization and Evaluation
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The caffeic acid, keracyanin chloride, kuromanin chloride, Folin-Ciocalteau, and quercetin used in the experiment were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aluminum chloride hexahydrate and potassium acetate were purchased from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Citric acid, sodium alginate, mannitol, and poloxamer 188 were purchased from Daejung (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Whey protein isolate, lecithin, and ascorbyl palmitate were purchased from ESfood (Gumpo, Republic of Korea). Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosis), Pediococcus pentosaceus (P. pentosaceus), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Streptococcus aureus (E. aureus) were purchased from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection). Man-Rogasa-shape (MRS) and brain heart infusion (BHI) medium was purchased from Solarbio (Shanghai, China).
3
Quantification of Polyphenolic Compounds
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In this experiment, the chemicals purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) were as follows: caffeic acid, keracyanin chloride, kuromanin chloride, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, quercetin, pepsin, and pancreatin. Aluminium chloride hexahydrate and potassium acetate were obtained from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Citric acid, sodium alginate, sodium acetate, potassium chloride, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals (Seoul, Korea).
4
Corrosion-Resistant Aluminum Electrochemical Synthesis
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Aluminum sheets (alloy 1050), quartz plates, and graphite cathodes were purchased
from Kwang-Lim Metal (Hwaseong, Korea), Seoul Special Glass (Namyangju, Korea),
and Moon Hwa Titan Art (Incheon, Korea), respectively. Acetone (all v/v)
(99.8%), chromic acid (99%), citric acid (99.5%), ethanol (99.5%), and
perchloric acid (90%) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals and Metals (Siheung,
Korea). Ethylene glycol (99.5%) and oxalic acid (99.5%) were purchased from
Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Phosphoric acid (85%) was purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and LB agar were
purchased from BD (Sparks, MD, USA). Hexagonal head bolts (size: M5 × 40
mm) and butterfly nuts (size: M5) were purchased from a local market.
from Kwang-Lim Metal (Hwaseong, Korea), Seoul Special Glass (Namyangju, Korea),
and Moon Hwa Titan Art (Incheon, Korea), respectively. Acetone (all v/v)
(99.8%), chromic acid (99%), citric acid (99.5%), ethanol (99.5%), and
perchloric acid (90%) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals and Metals (Siheung,
Korea). Ethylene glycol (99.5%) and oxalic acid (99.5%) were purchased from
Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Phosphoric acid (85%) was purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and LB agar were
purchased from BD (Sparks, MD, USA). Hexagonal head bolts (size: M5 × 40
mm) and butterfly nuts (size: M5) were purchased from a local market.
5
Formulation Development and Characterization
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RLH was purchased from Sampoong (Seoul, Korea), and Evista® tablets (Eli Lilly and Company, lot A574405) were purchased from a local pharmacy. Propylene glycol monocaprylate (type II) (Capryol™ 90), propylene glycol monocaprylate (type I) NF (Capryol™ PGMC), oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil M® 1944 CS), linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil M® 2125 CS), caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides (Labrasol®), propylene glycol monolaurate (type II) (Lauroglycol™ 90), propylene glycol monolaurate (type I) (Lauroglycol™ FCC), polyglyceryl-3 dioleate (Pluorol® Oleique CC 497), and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol® P) were obtained from Gattefosse (Saint-Priest, France). Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-35 castor oil (Cremophor® EL) and PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor® RH 40) were obtained from BASF (Hong Kong, China).
PEG sorbitan monolaurate (Tween® 20), PEG sorbitan mono-oleate (Tween® 80), sorbitan monolaurate (Span® 20), sorbitan mono-oleate (Span® 80), PEG, phosphoric acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid were purchased from Daejung (Seoul, Korea). HPMC and hydroxypropylcellulose-L (HPC-L) were purchased from Shin-Etsu (Tokyo, Japan). Acetonitrile and methanol for HPLC were purchased from J.T. Baker (Seoul, Korea).
PEG sorbitan monolaurate (Tween® 20), PEG sorbitan mono-oleate (Tween® 80), sorbitan monolaurate (Span® 20), sorbitan mono-oleate (Span® 80), PEG, phosphoric acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid were purchased from Daejung (Seoul, Korea). HPMC and hydroxypropylcellulose-L (HPC-L) were purchased from Shin-Etsu (Tokyo, Japan). Acetonitrile and methanol for HPLC were purchased from J.T. Baker (Seoul, Korea).
6
Veterinary Antibiotics Quantification Protocol
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Veterinary antibiotics were selected based on their sales in Korea, and included chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfathiazole (STZ). All solvents used for pretreatment and instrumental analyses were of HPLC-grade and purchased from JT Baker (Philipsburg, NJ, USA). Sodium phosphate dibasic, formic acid, and Na2-EDTA were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and citric acid was purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co. (Gyeonggi, Korea). Standard solutions of CTC hydrochloride (64-72-2, ≥97.0%), OTC hydrochloride (2058-46-0, ≥94.9%), TC hydrochloride (64-75-5, ≥95%), SMZ (57-68-1, ≥99%), SMX (723-46-6 ≥98%), and SZ (72-14-0, ≥98.0%) were prepared with standards purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The stock solution (100 mg/L) was prepared by dissolving the antibiotic standard in methanol, and the working solution was prepared by sequentially diluting the stock solution with methanol to an appropriate concentration. In addition, simeton, an internal standard at a concentration of 1000 mg/L, was purchased from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA) and diluted with methanol. Individual standard solutions and internal standards were stored in amber glass bottles at −20 °C.
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