was added. Under rapid stirring, vitamin C was added and stirred in
the dark for 24 h. The product was collected by centrifugation at
10,000 rpm for 30 min and dispersed in deionized water. Afterward,
PF68 was added and stirred in the dark for 24 h. The product was collected
by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 30 min and washed with deionized
water 3 times. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM; JEM-2100F microscope, Japan), dynamic light
scattering (Malvern NANO-ZS, U.K.), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDS; JEM-2100F microscope, Japan), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS; Thermo Fisher Scientific 250XI, Germany), confocal micro-Raman
spectroscopy (Thermo Fisher Scientific DXR2xi), and Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Nicolet5700).