Ef s 60 mm f2.8 usm macro lens

Unless otherwise stated, all
irradiations were performed using a 15 W, Analytik Jena UV bench lamp
fitted with 254 nm (UVC) bulbs which provided an incident irradiance
of 2 mW cm^–2. The irradiance was measured using
a UVX meter (Analytik Jena, Jena, Germany) fitted with a 254 nm sensor.
All FTIR spectra were recorded using a Spectrum One FTIR (PerkinElmer,
Massachusetts, USA). Digital photographs were taken using a Canon
77D fitted with a Canon EF-S 60 mm f2.8 USM Macro Lens. Optical microscopy
was carried out using an Olympus Trinocular Microscope, SZ6045TR (Tokyo,
Japan), fitted with a Kiralux 8.9 MP color CMOS camera, CS895CU (ThorLabs,
New Jersey, USA). Profilometry measurements were carried out using
a Dektak3ST surface profile measuring system (Veeco, California, USA).
The SA dots were scanned over a distance of 5 mm at a rate of 100
μm s^–1, with a stylus force of 3 mg.
Irradiations of the SA volcano islands were performed inside the
profilometer. In this work, UVA light (365 nm, ca. 80 mW cm^–2) was supplied by a 10 W 365 nm LED, ILH-XT01-S365-SC211-WIR200 (Intelligent
LED Solutions, Berkshire, UK), through an optical fiber, BFY1000HS02
(ThorLabs, New Jersey, USA), held ca. 2–3 mm above the surface
of the SA volcano island. The irradiance was measured using a C10427
UV power meter (Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan).

Seeds (stratified in cold and dark) were sown in separate pots containing an equal amount of soil (Tref substrate). Pots were well watered initially to assist germination. To avoid heterogeneity, trays with pots were rotated 90° on a daily basis. Watering was subsequently withheld 4–5 days after germination. Three conditions were generated, where soil relative water content (RWC) was maintained by weighing pots daily and adjusted to desired values by controlled watering: control pots with 70% RWC, mild stress pots with 45% RWC and severe stress pots at 40% RWC. The experiment continued until 25 days after stratification (DAS). Rosette pictures were taken for measurements with a Canon EOS 40D digital camera equipped with a Canon EF-S 60mm f/2.8 USM macro lens.
For in vitro osmotic stress, seeds were sown on half strength MS medium containing different concentrations of mannitol (Duchefa, Netherlands) and Sorbitol (Duchefa, Netherlands) and allowed to grow until 25 DAS. Digital rosette pictures were analyzed using ImageJ¹.