Chlorogenic acid (C3878, ≥ 95%), caffeic acid (C0625, 99%), ferulic acid (F3500, 99%), p-coumaric acid (C9008, ≥ 98%), sinapic acid (D7927, ≥ 98%), 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (D10,000, 97%), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH, D9132) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Orto-phosphoric acid 85%, HPLC grade, methanol HPLC grade, hydrochloric acid 36.2% were purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate from Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia).
3 5 dihydroxybenzoic acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid is a chemical compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It has the molecular formula C7H6O3. The compound is a white crystalline solid.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Syringic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Sinapic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
4 hydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Salicylic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Protocatechuic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Isoferulic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gentisic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
O coumaric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
3 hydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trans cinnamic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Vanillin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
9 protocols using 3 5 dihydroxybenzoic acid
1
Phytochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation
2
Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) (analytical grade) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Reagent Company (Beijing, China). Ascorbic acid (Vc), gallic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, neochlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, pyrocatechuic acid, ellagic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, salicylic acid and cinnamic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All the standards used for identification and quantification in this study were of HPLC quality. Methanol, formic acid, acetonitrile (MS grade) were received from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q Element water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
3
Standardization of Phytochemicals and Phenolic Acids
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Standards of phytochemicals (gallic acid, catechin, harpagoside, cyanidin chloride and ascorbic acid), phenolic acids (gallic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-courmaric acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, 3-courmaric acid, 2-courmaric acid, salicylic acid and trans-cinnamic acid), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, vanillin, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulphate and leucocyanidin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Deuterium-labeled standards of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2,3,5,6-D4) and salicylic acid (3,4,5,6-D4) were obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, sodium carbonate, sulphuric acid, butanol, hydrochloric acid, formic acid and methanol were purchased from MERCK (Darmstadt, Germany).
4
Quantification of Polyphenolic Compounds
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Standards of cyanidin, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O glucoside, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, petunidin 3-O glucoside, pelargonidin 3-0 glucoside, peonidin 3-O glucoside, delphinidin 3-O glucoside, catechin, resveratrol, rutin, kaempferol, and kaempferol 3-O glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Geney, France); myricetin, quercetin, quercetin 3-O glucoside, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and syringic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). LC-MS grade methanol (MeOH) 99.99%, ethanol (EtOH) 99.7% and formic acid (FA) 98% were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ/cm) was purified by a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), and nitrogen (99.999%) was obtained from AGA industrial gases (Lidingö, Sweden).
Stock solutions of 1000 mg/L were prepared for each standard in methanol. Linear calibration curves were prepared in the range of 2-100 mg/L, except for anthocyanins which were prepared in the range of 2-200 mg/L.
Stock solutions of 1000 mg/L were prepared for each standard in methanol. Linear calibration curves were prepared in the range of 2-100 mg/L, except for anthocyanins which were prepared in the range of 2-200 mg/L.
5
Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Protocol
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Protocatechuic acid, ethyl protocatechuate, gallic acid, butyl gallate, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, apocynin, trolox, α-tocopherol, glutathione (GSH), rifampicin, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), catalase, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). H2O2 was prepared by diluting a 30% stock solution and calculating its concentration from its absorbance at 240 nm (ε240 = 43.6 M−1 cm−1). All reagents used for buffers and mobile phases were of analytical grade. Stock solutions (50 mM) of the tested compounds were prepared in ethyl alcohol. Stock solution (10 mM) of α-tocopherol was prepared in ethyl alcohol. Ultrapure Milli-Q water from Millipore (Belford, MA, USA) was used for the preparation of buffers and solutions.
6
Extraction and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds
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2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (≥97%, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), phosphoric acid (reagent grade, Penta a.s., Czech Republic), sodium hydroxide (reagent grade, Penta a.s., Prague, Czech Republic), m-hydroxybenzoic acid (≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (≥97%, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), glacial acetic acid (≥99% reagent plus, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), acetone (HPLC grade, Fisher-Scientific, Pardubice, Czech Republic) and two-stage purified water (Merck-Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) were used for all experiments.
7
Determination of Fiber and Polyphenols
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Thermostable α-amylase (Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) was used for digestion of starch. The reagents used to determine the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were: sodium dodecyl sulfate (C12H25NaO4S, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA), neutral disodium versenate dehydrate (C10H14N2Na2O8*10H2O), disodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7*10 H2O), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) and ethylene glycol (Poch, Gliwice, Poland). Reagents used to determine the content of ADF were 1 N sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 1 N, Poch, Gliwice, Poland) and N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumbromid (C19H42BrN, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Reagents used to determine the content of ADL were: sulfuric acid (72%), and acetone (Poch, Gliwice, Poland). Determination of polyphenolic contents was performed using the reagents and standards of acetonitrile, methanol, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydrobenzoic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, fagopyrin, ferulic acid, myricetin, gallic acid, isovanilic acid, isovitexin, kaempferol, luteolin, p-coumaric acid, procyanidin B2, quercetin, quercetin 3-D galactoside, rutin, syringic acid and vitexin, purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
8
Study of Aromatic Compounds Purification
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All chemicals in this study were of analytical grade and were used as received without further purification. Urea (U, CAS: 57-13-6), benzamide (B, CAS: 55-21-0), oxalic acid (OA, CAS: 144-62-7), benzoic acid (BA, CAS: 65-85-0), salicylic acid (SA, CAS: 69-72-7), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3HBA, CAS: 99-06-9), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5DHBA, gentisic acid, CAS: 490-79-9), 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,6DHBA, γ-resorcylic acid, CAS:303-07-1), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, CAS: 50-78-2) and methanol (CAS: 67-56-1) were purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland). Malonic acid (MOA, CAS: 141-82-2), maleic acid (MEA, CAS: 110-16-7), fumaric acid (FA, CAS: 110-17-8), succinic acid (SUA, CAS: 110-15-6), glutaric acid (GA CAS: 110-94-1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA, CAS: 99-96-7), 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,5DHBA, CAS: 99-10-5) and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4DHBA, β-resorcylic acid, CAS:89-86-1) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
9
Quantification of Phenolic Compounds
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Vanillic acid, isoVanillic acid, syringic acid, homoVanillic acid, caffeic acid, hippuric acid, p-coumaric acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, sinapic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid, hydroferulic acid, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, syringaldehyde, salicylic acid, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, o-coumaric acid, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, gallic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). Methanol, water, acetonitrile, and formic acid were all LC-MS grade and were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK).
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