Divinylbenzene

65% divinylbenzene (DVB), methanol (MeOH), 2-chlorophenol (2-ChP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DChP), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TChP), 1,4-dioxane and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), (S)-(+)-2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propionic acid (ibuprofen), 4-acetamidophenol (paracetamol), ampicillin, bromine, and starch were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hexane, acetone, toluene, and phenol (P), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL), 99.8% acetic acid, iodine, NaOH, KI, Na₂S₂O₃, were from POCh (Gliwice, Poland). Linseed oil (Lo) and rapeseed oil (Ro), both cooking grade, and argan oil (Ao) cosmetical grade 100% (cold pressed), were purchased from local suppliers. 97% (R)-(+)limonene (L) was from Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). 96% cis/trans citral (C), 97% (1R)-(+)-alfa-pinene (P) was from SAFC, and 98% α,α’-Azoiso-bis-butyronitrile (AIBN) was from Fluka (Busch, Switzerland).

Sodium molybdate (Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O), acrylonitrile (AN), divinylbenzene (DVB), 1,2- dichlorobenzene, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈, KPS), and calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂⋅2H₂O) were purchased from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR4150, Palsgaard, Denmark) was kindly given by PishgamanPakhsh Sedigh Co.

All chemicals and solvents mentioned above were used as received, without further purification. Cyclohexanone, PCl₅, bromine, KOH, benzyl alcohol and ethanol were from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A. (Gliwice, Poland). Palladium acetate, trimethylamine, tris(o-tollyl)phosphine and bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Divinylbenzene (DVB) and α,α′-azoiso-bis-butyronitrile (AIBN) were obtained from Merck (Germany) and Fluka (Switzerland), respectively.
Two basic dyes of the oxazine and diphenylmethane class, namely C.I. Basic Blue 3 (7-(diethylamino)-N,N-diethyl-3H-phenoxazin-3-iminium chloride) and C.I. Basic Yellow 2 (4,4′-carbonimidoylbis(N,N-dimethylaniline) hydrochloride), were used as adsorbates. The structure and characteristics of the dyes are presented in Figure 3.

The monomer, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA, hydrophobic monomer), was purchased from Harbin Xeogia Fluorine-Silicon Chemical CO., Ltd. (Harbin, China), the cross-linker, divinylbenzene (DVB, technical grade, 80%), azobisisobutryonitrile (AIBN), and calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂·2H₂O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Span 80 (sorbitanmonooleate, HLB (hydrophilic–lipophilic balance) = 4.3), Span 85 (sorbitantrioleate, HLB = 2.1), Span 60 (sorbitan stearate, HLB = 4.7) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Tween-80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate, HLB = 15.0), cationic surfactant CTAB (HLB = 15.8), anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, HLB = 40), and Sudan III dyes were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Non-ionic surfactant Hypermer B246 (HLB = 4.9), a block copolymer of polyhydroxystearic acid and polyethylene glycol was supplied by Croda (USA). Toluene (>97%) was supplied by Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Company (China).
The 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were filtered over basic alumina columns to remove the inhibitor and any other acidic impurities prior to use. azobisisobutryonitrile (AIBN, ≥98%) was recrystallized from methanol and dried under reduced pressure for 12 h. Deionized water was used in all experiments. All other materials were used as received.

Three textile acid dyes such as C.I. Acid Red 18, C.I. Acid Violet 1 and C.I. Acid Green 16 were purchased from Boruta-Zachem (Zgierz, Poland). Their physicochemical properties are presented in Figure 10. Acid dyes, named for their application under acid conditions, are reasonably easy to apply, have a wide range of colors and, depending on dye selection, can have good color fastness properties. They are widely applied for wool, silk and nylon dyeing.
Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), polyvinyl alcohol (APV, MW = 72,000, 98% degree of hydrolysis), decan-1-ol and triethylenetetramine (TETA) were purchased from Fluka AG (Munich, Germany).
α,α’-azoisobisbutyronitrile and divinylbenzene (62.2% of 1,4-divinylbenzene, 0.2% of 1,2-divinylbenzene and ethylvinylbenzene) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetone, toluene, methanol, acetic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A. (Lublin, Poland). Purified water came from Millipore (UMCS, Lublin, Poland).