All solvents were of HPLC or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) grade. Polar lipid standards (16:0–20:4 PC, 16:0–20:4 PE, 16:0–20:4 PS, 18:0–20:4 PI, C18(Plasm)-20:4 PC, C18(Plasm)-20:4 PE, C16-18:1 PC) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Co. (Alabaster, USA). Neutral lipid standards (stearyl oleate, cholesterol oleate, 1-O-hexadecyl-2,3-dihexadecanoyl-rac-glycerol, glycerol trioleate, oleic acid, cholesterol) and column silica gel (high-purity grade, 70–230 mesh) were from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, USA). A mixture of PUFA methyl esters No. 3 from menhaden oil was obtained from Supelco (Bellefonte, USA). 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and trifluoroacetic anhydride (Fluka, Germany) were used for the synthesis of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives of FAs. The precoated silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates with a silica sol binder on aluminum foil (PTLC-AF-V) were provided by Sorbfil (Krasnodar, Russian Federation).
Glycerol trioleate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Glycerol trioleate is a laboratory chemical compound. It is a triacylglycerol composed of glycerol and three oleic acid molecules.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Glucose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Silica gel column, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cholesterol oleate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
C16 18 1 pc, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions)
C18 plasm 20 4 pc, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions)
C18 plasm 20 4 pe, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions)
Calcium carbonate, by Sinopharm (1 mentions)
Tolbutamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Calcium chloride, by Sinopharm (1 mentions)
Cholesteryl oleate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
L α lysophosphatidylcholine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, by Lipoid (1 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
D12492, by Research Diets (1 mentions)
C57bl 6j mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions)
Lecithin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Copper sulphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lipase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium cholate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
8 protocols using glycerol trioleate
1
Comprehensive Lipid Analysis Protocol
2
Characterization of Baojianyao Oil Formulations
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The seeds of B. javanica were purchased from Guangdong Province, China, and were identified by Dr Hongmei Zhang (School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine). The reference standards of glycerol trioleate and tolbutamide (internal standard [IS]) were obtained from Sigma Chemicals (Perth, Australia). Marketed javanica oil emulsion injection (Lot No 13022012, BJO content at 10% [w/w]) was manufactured by Shenyang Yaoda Leiyunshang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Shenyang, China). BJO soft capsule (Lot No 1402231, BJO content at 90% [w/w]) was produced by Jiangsu Vanguard Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Haimen, China). Reference drug ranitidine (RAN) hydrochloride capsules (Lot No 131211) was manufactured by Yunnan PanLong YunHai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kunming, China). Pharmaceutical excipients for GRDDS including sodium alginate, carrageenan (FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA, USA), Polysorbate 80 (Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co., Shanghai, China), calcium carbonate and calcium chloride (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Shanghai, China) were of analytical grade. Other chemicals such as absolute ethanol, petroleum ether and acetonitrile were of HPLC or analytical grade.
3
Standardizing Metabolite Quantification Methods
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Standard curves of the absorbance of known metabolite concentrations were created so that the measured spectrophotometric values could be used to determine the corresponding metabolite concentrations. Care was taken to ensure that the relationship between the concentrations and the spectrophotometric values was linear and that the curves covered the entire range of the measured concentrations (from below the lowest value to the highest value). For determining the protein concentration, a standard curve was generated with a dilution series of bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml; Sigma) that was treated as described above. For determining the carbohydrate and glycogen concentrations, a standard curve was generated using glucose (1 mg/ml; Sigma) at a range of dilutions. For the lipid analysis, a standard curve was generated using glycerol trioleate (1 mg/ml; Sigma) at different dilutions. Five independent repeats of different serial dilutions were conducted to produce each standard curve.
4
Lipid Tracer Synthesis and Characterization
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Glycerol trioleate (triolein; TO; ≥99%), L‐α‐lysophosphatidylcholine (≥99%), cholesteryl oleate (CO; ≥98%), and cholesterol (≥99%) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (98%) was obtained from Lipoid (Switzerland). [3H]TO and [14C]CO were obtained from PerkinElmer.
5
Obese Allergic Airway Disease in Mice
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4-week-old, male C57BL/6J mice (000664, Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were fed high fat diet (60% kcal fat diet D12492, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ) for 15 weeks. During allergic airway disease induction, which mice were sensitized to 2 μg house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus, Greer Lot #213051, endotoxin level 32.25 EU/vial, Greer Laboratories Inc, Lenoir, NC) with 0.1 μg cholera toxin (from Vibrio cholera, Lot #10070A1, List Biological Laboratories Inc, Campbell, CA) adjuvant via oropharyngeal aspiration. Mice were treated with either glycerol trioleate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) vehicle (AAD-Vehicle group, n = 11) or 9,10-nitro-oleic acid, NO2-OA, (AAD-NO2-OA group, n = 11) via gavage, followed by challenge 3 hours later with 2 μg house dust mite antigen via oropharyngeal aspiration. Controls for obese mice with allergic airway disease included obese mice without allergic airway disease that only received adjuvant during sensitization and house dust mite (HDM) during the challenge (Control group, n = 12) and a group of naïve obese mice (Naïve group, n = 7). The CT, HDM or treatments did not alter animal weight (Supplement Figure 1 ). All mouse experiments were conducted in accordance with NIH ARRIVE guidelines and approved by the University of Pittsburgh IACUC (Protocol #20016689).
6
Calibration Curves for Biomolecule Quantification
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Standard curves of absorbance against known metabolite concentration were created to allow spectrophotometric values to be related to metabolite concentrations. Care was taken to ensure linearity within the various concentrations and that they started below the lowest sample value and ended beyond the highest. For protein concentration a standard curve was generated with a dilution series of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (1 mg/ml) (Sigma) treated as described above. For carbohydrate and glycogen, a standard curve was generated using glucose (1 mg/ml) (Sigma) at a range of dilutions. For lipids a standard curve was generated using glycerol trioleate (1 mg/ml) (Sigma) at various dilutions. Five independent repeats of different serial dilutions were conducted to produce each standard curve.
7
Antimicrobial Potential of Medicinal Flowers
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Bauhinia variegate (KL) and Saussure lappa (SL) flowers were obtained from Himachal Pradesh as shown in Fig. 1 . Analytical grade chemicals were used such as Potassium iodide, Sodium acetate, Sodium cholate, Copper sulphate, Acetic acid, Tri's base, lipase, Sodium hydroxide, Nitric acid, Iodine crystal, Lecithin, Glycerol trioleate, and Hydrochloric acid which were procured from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Nutrient agar and Antibiotic (Ampicillin) were used of HiMedia, Mumbai, India. Bacterial cultures such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160), and Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 3384) were procured from the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. “A” certified glassware, Milli Q water, and double distilled water were used in the whole study.Fig. 1 ![]()
Bauhinia variegate (KL) (left) and Saussure lappa (SL) flower (right).
8
Lipid and Pesticide Extraction Protocol
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Sesame oil, oleic acid (~ 97%), linoleic acid (≥ 99%), glycerol (≥ 98%), glycerol trioleate (≥ 97%) and 4,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Cannabidiol (CBD, ≥ 98%) was obtained from THC Pharm (Germany). The 2-oleoylglycerol (≥ 94%) was custom-synthesised by BiBerChem Research Limited (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK). Rat plasma was purchased from Sera Laboratories International (west Sussex, UK). All organic solvents and water were of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade or higher and purchased from Fisher Scientific (Leicester, UK).
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