to standard procedures, and then exome libraries (Agilent SureSelectXT Reagent
Kit; Agilent Technologies) were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 at the
Genomic Technologies Facility in Lausanne, Switzerland. Bioinformatic analyses
were performed as described previously.5 (link) Briefly, raw reads were
mapped to the human reference genome (hg19/GRCh37) using the Novoalign software
(V3.08.00, Novocraft Technologies). Next, Picard (version 2.14.0-SNAPSHOT) was
used to remove duplicate reads and Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) (version
3.8)6 (link) was used to perform base quality score
recalibration on both single-nucleotide variants and insertion–deletions. A VCF
file with the variants was generated by HaplotypeCaller. Then, DNA variants were
filtered based on quality, frequency in ExAC, gnomAD,7 (link) 1000
Genomes,8 (link) ESP (NHLBI Exome Variant Server,
sequence and messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing. Finally, they were annotated
according to a specific in-house pipeline.5 (link)