Bromine solution

Ultrapure water was generated by GenPure equipment (TKA Wasseraufbereitungssysteme GmbH, Germany). Analytical grade solvents including ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetic anhydride, glacial acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid and phytochemical reagents including bismuth sub-nitrate, bromine solution, ferric chloride, gelatin solution, iodine, magnesium ribbons, potassium iodide, p-anisaldehyde, Dragendorff's reagent, and iodine were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Potassium bromide (FTIR grade), Folin-Ciocalteu, l-ascorbic acid, and ICP multi-element standard solution XIII were supplied by Thermo Fisher Scientific (Massachusetts, USA), Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India), Chem-Supply Pty Ltd (Gillman, South Australia), and Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, USA), respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide-d₆, gallic acid, sodium carbonate, aluminium chloride, and rutin hydrate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), acetate buffer, and ferric chloride hexahydrate were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). General purpose nutrient media, selective media, and silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ aluminium sheets were bought from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).