seeded in 3 mL of GSC medium and treated with 3 mL of conditioned
medium (CM) obtained from MES GSCs grown for 4 days. Four days later,
cells were harvested, dissociated with Accutase (Sigma-Aldrich, A6964),
and washed with DPBS (Sigma-Aldrich, #D8537). Each sample was divided
into two parts for RNA and protein isolation. For EV treatment, 250,000
PN cells were incubated with NCH705-derived sEVs (9 μg protein
equivalent) for 4 days and harvested, dissociated, and washed for
protein extraction. To extract proteins, cell pellets were resuspended
in 50 μL of RIPA Buffer (Abcam, #ab156034) and incubated for
15 min on ice. Lysates were homogenized using QIAShredder columns
(Qiagen, #79656), and protein concentration was determined by BCA
assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, #23225). RNA was isolated using an
RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, #74104) according to the manufacturer’s
protocol.