Three Gram− (one
E. coliclinical isolate, isolated from pigs; two strains of
Salmonella pullorum, isolated from chickens) and three Gram+ (
Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus suis, and
Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria were kindly provided by the College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University. These strains were utilized as the reference strains for testing the antibacterial activity of substances derived from
M. domestica. Ni-NTA HisTrap FF column chromatography was purchased from GE Healthcare, Millipore filter (50 ml, 15 kDa) was purchased from Millipore (