Hemp particles were obtained through 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h and 20 h ball of milling and sonicated for 5 min to prevent agglomeration. The particle size of the samples was measured using a dynamic light scattering method [ISO22412] on a Zetasizer (Malvern, UK). The size of the cutter-milled particles was measured with a Mastersizer analyzer (2000, Malvern, UK).
Mastersizer 2000 analyzer
Manufactured by Malvern Panalytical
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Mastersizer 2000 is a laser diffraction particle size analyzer that measures the size distribution of particles suspended in a liquid or gas. It uses the principle of laser light scattering to determine the size of particles with a range of 0.1 to 2000 micrometers.
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8 protocols using mastersizer 2000 analyzer
1
Particle Size Characterization of Hemp
2
Ultrasound Intensity Effects on W1/O/W2 Emulsion
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To identify the effects of different ultrasonic intensities on the properties of W1/O/W2 double emulsion, the size distribution of droplets and optical microscopy were explored. Volume-mean diameter (D43) values and the size distribution of droplets were determined using a Malvern Mastersizer analyzer 2000 (Malvern Instruments, U.K.) [24] (link). The droplet was dispersed in distilled water at 1.095 of absorption index and 2500 rpm of pump speed. The microstructure of the double emulsions was measured by light microscope BH2 (Olympus Co. Ltd., Japan) with a photographic camera [25] (link). The emulsion droplet was moved to a glass slide and covered with a cover glass. The images were measured and observed under magnifying glasses of 200, and 500-times.
3
Geopolymer Precursor Characterization and Comparison
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In order to evaluate how even a slight difference in the chemical composition of the MK could affect the IS curves, measurements of two batches of MK (MK1 and MK2), supplied by Metacaulim do Brasil, were used to prepare the geopolymers. The chemical compositions of both precursors, obtained by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), are presented in Table 1 .
Figure 1 a shows the particle size distribution (%, in volume) for both MKs (determined using a Mastersizer 2000 analyzer from Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK), and the micrographs (Figure 1 b,c) demonstrate the small size of this type of material (EVO LS15—Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Table 2 summarizes the granulometric parameters for both MKs.
Figure 2 illustrates the thermogravimetric curves (TG/DTG) of MK1 and MK2 samples. In particular, the transition process located at 380–580 °C is related to the dehydroxylation of residual kaolinite [29 (link)]. Thus, it can be noted that, for such a temperature range, the mass loss was approximately 0.2% for MK1 and 1.0% for the MK2 sample, showing a greater amount of remaining kaolinite in the MK2 sample.
NaOH pellets (98% purity) and Na2SiO3 (8.9% Na2O, 29.7% SiO2 and 61.4% H2O) were used to prepare the activating solutions and were supplied by Dinâmica Química™ (Indaiatuba, Brazil) and Diatom Química do Brasil Ltda.™ (Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil), respectively.
NaOH pellets (98% purity) and Na2SiO3 (8.9% Na2O, 29.7% SiO2 and 61.4% H2O) were used to prepare the activating solutions and were supplied by Dinâmica Química™ (Indaiatuba, Brazil) and Diatom Química do Brasil Ltda.™ (Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil), respectively.
4
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis
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Laser diffraction particle size analysis was performed in accordance with ISO 13320 as described previously,[14 ] using a Mastersizer 2000 Analyzer (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). The Mastersizer 2000 Analyzer can measure particles from 0.02 μm to 2000 μm with accuracy of ±1%.[15 ]
One gram of each powder was dispersed into 1 L of methylated spirits as the diluent.[6 (link),16 (link),17 (link)] Methylated spirits was used as it produces similar results to isopropyl alcohol when assessing small particles.[8 ] Ultrasonic energy was applied to disperse agglomerated particles with samples tested within 5 s on application of the samples to diluent. This short period of ultrasonification is not expected to significantly alter the particle size distribution of the sample and is commonly applied in industries assessing Portland cement.[18 ]
The particle absorption index used was 0.1. The refractive index (RI) of heterogeneous materials was calculated using weighted averages. For methylated spirits, the calculated RI was 1.36 (5% of methanol RI 1.327 and 95% of ethanol RI 1.362).[19 ] Likewise, the calculated RI for MTA was 1.844 (80% of PC RI 1.68 and 20% of BO RI 2.5).[20 ,21 ] The Mie theory for calculating particle size was applied, as it is the preferred method for samples with particles below 50 μm.[14 ]
One gram of each powder was dispersed into 1 L of methylated spirits as the diluent.[6 (link),16 (link),17 (link)] Methylated spirits was used as it produces similar results to isopropyl alcohol when assessing small particles.[8 ] Ultrasonic energy was applied to disperse agglomerated particles with samples tested within 5 s on application of the samples to diluent. This short period of ultrasonification is not expected to significantly alter the particle size distribution of the sample and is commonly applied in industries assessing Portland cement.[18 ]
The particle absorption index used was 0.1. The refractive index (RI) of heterogeneous materials was calculated using weighted averages. For methylated spirits, the calculated RI was 1.36 (5% of methanol RI 1.327 and 95% of ethanol RI 1.362).[19 ] Likewise, the calculated RI for MTA was 1.844 (80% of PC RI 1.68 and 20% of BO RI 2.5).[20 ,21 ] The Mie theory for calculating particle size was applied, as it is the preferred method for samples with particles below 50 μm.[14 ]
5
Particle Size Characterization by Zetasizer and Mastersizer
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The dispersion properties were determined by measuring the particle size in the range of 0.6–6000 nm, using a Zetasizer Nano ZS analyzer supplied by Malvern Instruments Ltd. (Worcester, UK). The operation of the analyzer is based on the Non-Invasive Back Scatter (NIBS) technique. The measurement of the size of particles suspended in a dispersing medium is possible owing to the fact that the particles are suspended in the liquid and are in constant motion due to the Brownian movements occurring as a result of their accidental collisions with the particles of the surrounding medium.
In addition, to determine the dispersive properties, a Mastersizer 2000 analyzer supplied by Malvern Instruments Ltd. (Worcester, UK) was used. The measurement relies on the technique of laser diffraction in the particle size range of 0.2–2000 μm. An important element of the apparatus is the Hydro 2000 G attachment, to which distilled water is poured to play the role of a dispersing medium for the measurement of the electric and optic backgrounds and also for minimizing the measurement errors caused by impurities. Before measurements the ultrasonic treatment was additionally applied.
In addition, to determine the dispersive properties, a Mastersizer 2000 analyzer supplied by Malvern Instruments Ltd. (Worcester, UK) was used. The measurement relies on the technique of laser diffraction in the particle size range of 0.2–2000 μm. An important element of the apparatus is the Hydro 2000 G attachment, to which distilled water is poured to play the role of a dispersing medium for the measurement of the electric and optic backgrounds and also for minimizing the measurement errors caused by impurities. Before measurements the ultrasonic treatment was additionally applied.
6
Microcapsule Size Distribution Analysis
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The microcapsule size distribution was determined by light laser diffraction according to a Fraunhofer diffraction model. Formulations prepared by UA were analyzed on a Mastersizer microparticle size analyzer (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK), while those prepared by Em/Ev were analyzed using a Mastersizer 2000 analyzer equipped with a Hydro2000S aqueous suspension sample dispersion module (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). Briefly, a small amount of dry microcapsules in powder form was dispersed into purified water, and then samples were sonicated for 1 min before performing size analysis to disrupt aggregates, getting a fine suspension. All samples were analyzed in triplicate, and results were presented as volume-weighted size distribution, characterized by d(v,0.1), d(v,0.5), and d(v,0.9), which represent the diameter below which the 10%, 50%, and 90% of the size distribution lie, respectively. The span of the size distribution was calculated according to Eq. (3 ), and d(v,0.5) was used to express the mean particle size. Furthermore, volume-weighted (D[3 (link), 4 (link)]) and surface-weighted (D[2 (link), 3 (link)]) mean diameters are also presented.
7
Particle Size Analysis by Mastersizer
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The particle size distribution for each powder was defined and quantified by Mastersizer 2000 analyzer (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). The parameters of d10, d50, d90, which represent the sizes where 10%, 50%, and 90% of the particles are smaller than the remaining particles, were determined. Span was taken as the indicator of the width of size distribution, and was expressed through SPAN value calculated as (d90-d10)/d50.
8
Microgel Size Determination by Laser Diffraction
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(1)
Microgels size was determined by laser diffraction (LD) analysis using a Mastersizer 2000
Analyzer (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). Stirred gel was gently mixed 5 times with a spoon (from bottom to the top of container) before the sampling of 1 g of stirred gel with a spatula. Stirred gel was diluted 1:10 (w/w) with Milli-Q water in a beaker and stirred during 10 min at 50 rpm. For presmoothed and smoothed acid milk gels, two dilutions were done from 2 different containers. All analyzed were done at room temperature. A refractive index of 1.33 for the dispersant (water) and 1.46 for the microgels (milk protein), and an absorption index of 0.01 for the microgels was used (Huc, Michon, Bedoussac, & Bosc, 2016) (link). Some drops of diluted gel were added to the dispersion system to reach about 12 % of obscuration. Three measurements were performed for each dilution (separated by 30 s) and three washing cycles were done after each sample. The particle size distribution, the volume D4.3 (µm) and the surface D3.2 (µm) weighted mean diameters were obtained directly by the software (Master2000, Version 5.12F, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK).
Microgels size was determined by laser diffraction (LD) analysis using a Mastersizer 2000
Analyzer (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). Stirred gel was gently mixed 5 times with a spoon (from bottom to the top of container) before the sampling of 1 g of stirred gel with a spatula. Stirred gel was diluted 1:10 (w/w) with Milli-Q water in a beaker and stirred during 10 min at 50 rpm. For presmoothed and smoothed acid milk gels, two dilutions were done from 2 different containers. All analyzed were done at room temperature. A refractive index of 1.33 for the dispersant (water) and 1.46 for the microgels (milk protein), and an absorption index of 0.01 for the microgels was used (Huc, Michon, Bedoussac, & Bosc, 2016) (link). Some drops of diluted gel were added to the dispersion system to reach about 12 % of obscuration. Three measurements were performed for each dilution (separated by 30 s) and three washing cycles were done after each sample. The particle size distribution, the volume D4.3 (µm) and the surface D3.2 (µm) weighted mean diameters were obtained directly by the software (Master2000, Version 5.12F, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK).
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