The trained research staff recorded anthropometric measurements within 72 h after delivery. The child's weight was recorded using SECA 354, and length and the crown-rump length were measured with SECA 417 Infantometer. Chasmors body circumference tape was used to measure circumferences such as chest, waist, hip, and mid-upper arm circumference, and skinfold thickness was measured using Holtain Calliper (Holtain, UK). The research staff was periodically tested and certified for anthropometry assessment from St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore. We measured weight in kilograms, and readings were taken to the nearest 0.5 g, length in centimeters, circumferences in centimeters, and skinfold thickness in millimeters. We obtained three readings for each measurement.
Calliper
Manufactured by Holtain
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Holtain Calliper is a precision measuring instrument used to measure the thickness or diameter of various objects. It consists of two opposing arms that can be adjusted to fit around an object, and a scale that displays the measured value.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
9 protocols using calliper
1
Detailed Neonatal Anthropometric Measurements
2
Anthropometric Measurements Protocol
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Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with digital Seca weighing machine (http://www.seca.com ) and standing height to the nearest 1 mm with a plastic stadiometer (Leicester height measure; supplied by Chasmors, London). Waist circumference (WC) was measured to the nearest mm using a non-stretch metal tape at the narrowest point of the abdomen between the ribs and the iliac crest at the end of expiration and hip circumference at the widest part of the buttock. Each measure was assessed twice, and the average was used in the analysis. We measured skinfold thickness at five sites (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and calf) in triplicate to the nearest 0.2 mm using the Holtain calliper (Holtain, Dyfed, UK) and used the average in the analysis to calculate percent body fat with the Durnin and Womersley formula, as it was most widely used [33 (link)].
3
Anthropometric Measurements of Newborns
4
Anthropometric Measures in Infants
5
Comprehensive Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition
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Stature was measured with a stadiometer (seca 213; seca, Hamburg, Germany) with an accuracy of 0.5 cm. Body mass was measured with an electronic scale (OHAUS Corp., Florham Park, NJ, USA) with an accuracy of 0.1 kg. The formula for the body mass index (BMI) was body mass (kg) / height (m 2 ). Six circumferences (calf, thigh, waist, hip, relaxed arm and flexed arm), eight skinfold thicknesses (medial calf, anterior thigh, iliac crest, abdominal, subscapular, supraspinale, biceps, and triceps), and two bone biepicondylar breadths (femur and humerus) were measured with a tape, skinfold calliper, and calliper (Holtain, Crymych, United Kingdom), respectively. All anthropometric measurements were taken according to standard methods [16] . The mean of two measures of each anthropometric variable was used for analysis. Ten equations were used to estimate the percentage of FM [8, [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . The Siri equation [10] was used to estimate the percentage of body fat when the body density was calculated from an equation. FM was subtracted from body mass to obtain FFM (0.1 kg).
6
Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition
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Five anthropometric variables (stature, sitting height, body mass, and two skinfolds) were measured. Stature and sitting height were measured with a portable stadiometer (Seca 213, Hamburg, Germany) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Body mass was evaluated with a digital weighing scale calibrated to the nearest 0.1 kg. Sitting height was measured with the participants seated on a flat box. The distance between the vertex and the seating surface was recorded. Leg length was obtained by subtracting sitting height from standing height. Triceps (at the marked midpoint between the acromion and olecranon processes) and medial calf (at the largest calf circumference) skinfolds were assessed using a calliper (Holtain Ltd, Crymych, UK) to the nearest 0.2 mm. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight (kg) by the squared height (m). Percentage of body fat (BF%) was estimated using the equations of Slaughter et al. [25 (link)].
7
Skinfold Measurements in Pregnant Women
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We measured triceps, biceps, and subscapular skinfold thickness in pregnant women between 14 and 36 weeks of pregnancy. For newborns, measurements were done between birth and five months of age. The measurement was conducted on the left side using Holtain Calliper (Holtain, U.K 610ND). Triceps skinfolds were measured over the posterior belly of the triceps muscle of the left arm, halfway between the acromion and the olecranon, on a line passing upwards from the olecranon in the axis of the limb, with the arm extended. Biceps skinfold is measured in the anterior midline of the arm over the biceps on the same level as the triceps skinfold. Subscapular skinfold was measured immediately below the angle of the left scapula, with the arm held by the side of the body. Measurements were made on the left side of the body, and readings were taken 5 s after applying the caliper’s jaws. Three readings to the nearest 0.2 mm were taken.
8
Anthropometric Measurements of Chinese Children
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An ultrasonic weight and height metre (DHM-30, Dingheng Ltd, Zhengzhou, China) was used to assess standing height to the nearest 0.1 cm and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg with the subject lightly dressed and barefoot. Triceps skinfold thicknesses and subscapular angle sites were measured on the right side to the nearest 0.1 mm using Holtain callipers (Holtain Ltd, Crymych, UK). All measurements were performed twice to calculate averages. Body mass index (BMI) sex- and age-independent BMI standard deviation scores (SDS) were calculated using Chinese reference curves [30 (link)]. Overweight was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) BMI cut-offs for children, which corresponds to an adult BMI of 25 kg/m2 [31 (link)]. The percent body fat (%BF) was calculated using Slaughter equations [32 (link)].
9
Anthropometric Measurements in Participants
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Waist circumference was measured in a horizontal plane, midway between the inferior margin of the ribs and the superior border of the iliac crest, according to standard protocol [25 ]. Height and weight were measured with calibrated scale (A&D Company Ltd., Japan) and stadiometer (Holtain Ltd., Crymych, UK), respectively, and BMI was computed from these measures [25 ]. Six skinfold sites (i.e. triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf) were recorded using Holtain callipers (Holtain Ltd., Crymych, UK) if the skinfold was ≤40 mm and Slimguide callipers (Creative Health Products, Plymouth, USA) if the skinfold was >40 mm. Body fat percentage was computed from the six skinfold sites using validated equations [26 ].
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