Statistical package for the social sciences spss for windows version 20

All statistical analyses were conducted within the software platform of the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 20.0. Basic demographic, clinical and social data were presented and analysed using descriptive statistics in the form of frequency tables. Continuous data including CCI scores were presented in the form of means ± standard deviation. Associations between mean CCI and treatment options were determined using independent t-tests. Statistical significance (p-values) set at ≤0.05.

The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 20.0 (Armonk, NY, 2011). Categorical variables were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test (χ²), and using Fisher’s exact test when appropriate. Ordinal variables were evaluated using Student’s t test. The assumed normality of the data was confirmed through the Shapiro-Wilk test.
With the aim of ascertaining changes over the time, the motivation scores were subjected to repeated-measurement multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) (Hotteling’s trace), considering the curricula (traditional and reformed) as “between factor” and time (Years 1 and 6) as “within factor”. Post-hoc analysis comparisons between curricula were conducted using an independent t test, and the paired Student’s t test in cases of comparison between years.
We estimated the effect size using Cohen’s d test and considered values ≤ 0.20 to be small; values > 0.20 to 0.80 to be medium, and values higher than 0.80 to be large.²²
P-values P < 0.05 were considered significant.