Xrd 6000

The morphologies and elemental mapping of series catalysts were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss, sigma500, Jena, Germany) with an Oxford Ultim Max Large Area SDD EDS detector. The size of catalysts was measured by a laser particle size analyzer (Malvern, MS-2000, Malvern, UK). The crystallographic structures of catalysts were characterized by a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM, JEM-2100, Tokyo, Japan) and X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku Corporation, XRD-6000, Tokyo, Japan). The specific surface area and pore size distribution of samples were analyzed by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) methods, respectively. A Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR, American Nicolet Corp. Model 170-SX, Green Bay, WI, USA) was used to investigate the chemical structures of the catalyst. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, ESCALAB250Xi, Waltham, MA, USA) was utilized to study the surface chemical composition of catalysts. To study the catalytic mechanism of CDM, an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (Bruker ELEXSYS E500, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used to obtain the EPR signals. The leaching of Cu and Mn in wastewater was detected by an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (Agilent 5800 ICP-OES, Santa Clara, CA, USA).