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29 protocols using vectashield with 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole

1

Characterization of Macrophage Phenotypes

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The following primary antibodies were from Cell Signaling: anti-phospho-Smad3; anti-Smad3; anti-phospho-ERK MAPK; anti-ERK MAPK, and anti-M-CSF Receptor. The FC blocker used was Mouse SeroBlock FcR, which is a rat monoclonal antibody (clone FCR 4G8, BioRad) that specifically recognizes mouse CD16 and CD32, which are cell surface proteins also known as FcRgIII and FcRgII, respectively. Mouse monoclonal anti-K2, clone 3A3 (1:2000, EMD Millipore); anti-F4/80 (1:50, eBioscience); anti-Gr-1 (1:50, AbD Serotec); anti-CD206 (1:50, BioRad); goat horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:2,000) and goat horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:2,000) were from Calbiochem. Vecta-shield with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole was from Vector Laboratories. Gel electrophoresis reagents were from BioRad. CSF-1 was from Thermo Scientific. LPS and CCL2 were from Sigma.
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2

Corneal Neovascularization Visualization Protocol

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Corneas were excised on day 14 after suture-induced CNV and washed with phosphate-buffered saline. The corneal epithelium was removed after incubation with 20 mM EDTA for 60 min at 37 °C, fixed in acetone for 15 min at 20–22 °C, and blocked in 2% bovine serum albumin for 60 min. Corneas were then double-stained for CD31 and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 as described previously by using overnight incubation with goat anti-mouse CD31 FITC (1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) and goat anti-mouse LYVE-1 (1:400; AF2125, R&D Systems, MN, USA)41 (link),54 (link). A Cy3-conjugated donkey anti-goat antibody (1:2,000, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA, USA) was then added as the secondary antibody and incubated for another 2 h. Stained whole mount corneas were mounted in Vectashield with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). Images of stained whole mount corneas were taken under a fluorescence microscope (BZ-X71000, KEYENCE, Osaka, Japan). The fractions of total corneal areas covered by blood and lymphatic vessels were then calculated by using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; available at http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/index.html)41 (link),55 (link).
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3

Ovarian Tissue Fixation and Staining

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The ovaries were dissected in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 20 min at room temperature and washed three times in PBS with 0.5% Triton X-100 (PBT) for 30 min. Then, the tissues were mounted in 80% VECTASHIELD with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Laboratories Inc.).
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4

Immunoblotting Protocol for Protein Detection

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Mouse monoclonal anti-K2, clone 3A3 (1:2000, EMD Millipore, Bedford, MA); goat horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:2,000) and goat horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:2,000) were from Calbiochem. Vecta-shield with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole was from Vector Laboratories. Gel electrophoresis reagents were from BioRad.
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5

Immunofluorescence Staining of Cx26 in Cryosections

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Skin was fixed in a 1% formaldehyde in PBS for 1 h at room temperature. Tissues were rinsed with PBS, immersed in Optimal Cutting Temperature compound (Ted Pella, Redding, CA), and frozen. 8–10 μm sections were cut on a cryotome, dried onto glass slides, and stained with polyclonal rabbit antibodies against Cx26 (Zymed, San Francisco, CA), washed with 0.1% Triton X-100/PBS, incubated with Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA), washed with 0.1% Triton X-100/PBS, and mounted using Vectashield with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector, Burlingame, CA).
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6

Quantifying Myocardial Capillary and Arteriolar Density

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Frozen myocardium was sectioned (10-m-thickness) and fixed in 10% formalin for 10 minutes. Sections were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline for 1 hour at room temperature and incubated with antibodies against porcine endothelial marker CD-31 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and smooth muscle actin (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis MO), followed by the appropriate alexa-fluor conjugated antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) for 45 minutes. Slides were then mounted with Vectashield with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Images were captured at 20X magnification with a Nikon E800 Eclipse microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) at the same exposure in three random fields. Capillaries were defined as structures between 5-25 m2 in cross-sectional area and arterioles were defined by co-localization of smooth muscle actin (red) and CD-31 (green) staining. Arteriolar density and capillary density was measured using Image J software in a blinded fashion. The percent capillary and arteriolar density for each animal was averaged from the three randomly selected myocardial tissue sections.
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7

Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy

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Cardiomyocytes were stimulated with 10(−6) mol/L angiotensin (Ang) II for 48 h. Then the cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with FITC-conjugated Phalloidin (Sigma) for 30 min and mounted in Vectashield with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Laboratories, Peterborough, UK). Cellular hypertrophy was evaluated by measuring cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts surfaces using a digital image analysis system (Leica QwinV3, Leica Microsystems Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Five random fields (with approximately 10 to 15 cells per field) from every sample were averaged and expressed as μm2/cell. All experiments were repeated three times.
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8

Immunofluorescence Staining of Tumor Sections

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Tumors from mice were excised and fixed for sections. Tumor sections were hydrated, and antigen retrieval was performed. After blocked with 2.5% bovine serum album in PBS buffer for 1 hour at 37 °C, the tumor sections were stained with the primary antibody at 4 °C overnight, followed by incubation with fluorochrome‐conjugated secondary antibodies (Alexa 594 anti‐rabbit and Alexa 488 anti‐mouse; Invitrogen) and mounting in Vectashield with 4′, 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (Vector Laboratories; Yu et al., 2016). Fluorescence images were captured using a CLSM‐310, Zeiss fluorescence microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Cells stained with isotype‐matched IgG were used as negative controls.
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9

Imaging ATF6 activation in DU-145 cells

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DU-145 cells were grown to 80 % confluency on glass coverslips (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburg, PA) and treated with either BA-free media, 10 μM BA, or 1 μM thapsigargin. Antibodies were tested on immunoblots of lysed cells prior to using them for immunohistochemistry. Cells stained for ATF6 were first fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde in PBS and permeabilized with 0.5 % Triton X-100 in PBS. Fixed cells were blocked with 10 % FBS in PBS overnight. The next day, they were moved to a humidity chamber and incubated with anti-ATF6 (Imgenex, San Diego, CA) monoclonal antibody at a concentration of 1:50, followed by secondary Alexa 488 or FITC at 1:100. Coverslips were mounted with a mixture of Vectashield with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) and regular Vectashield HardSet (Vector Laboratories) mounting mediums at 1:5. Images were captured with an Olympus DP72 camera (Olympus America, Center Valley, PA) connected to an Olympus BX51 fluorescence microscope (Olympus America) using an Olympus UIS2 UPlanFLN 100X/1.30 OilPh3 objective (Olympus America) and FITC and DAPI filters. Olympus DP2-BSW (Olympus America) or Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA) software was used to merge and crop images.
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10

Molecular Profiling with Antibody Probes

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The following primary antibodies were from Cell Signaling: Anti-WAVE3, anti-YB1, anti-Lamin-B1 and anti-α-Tubulin. Anti-β-Actin was from Sigma, while living colors anti-GFP and anti-mouse GFP were from Clontech and Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., respectively. All primary antibodies were used in 1:1,000 dilution. Goat horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:2,000) and goat horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:2,000) were from Calbiochem. Vecta-shield with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole was from Vector Laboratories. All gel electrophoresis reagents were from BioRad.
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