Cetyl alcohol (> 96.0%), stearyl alcohol (> 96%), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (90%), and sodium tetraborate decahydrate (99.5 - 103.0%) were purchased from Merck (Germany). Ketamin hydrochloride (50 mg/mL) was supplied by RotexMedica (Germany), and xylazine (2%) was obtained from Alfasan Woerden (the Netherlands). Amaranth was provided by Fluka (Switzerland). Spermaceti and beeswax were purchased from Pishgaman Shimi (Iran), and white Vaseline was supplied by Rose Shimi (Iran).
Cetyl alcohol
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Cetyl alcohol is a long-chain fatty alcohol that is commonly used in the manufacturing of various personal care and pharmaceutical products. It is a white, waxy solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Cetyl alcohol is known for its emulsifying and thickening properties, making it a useful ingredient in formulations such as creams, lotions, and ointments.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Stearic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Stearyl alcohol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Lauric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Phosphate buffer, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium phosphate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fecl3, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Alcl3, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Mineral oil, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tween 80, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polysorbate 60, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oleic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Isopropyl myristate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
18 protocols using cetyl alcohol
1
Preparation and Characterization of Lipid-based Formulations
2
Resiquimod Formulation and Characterization
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Resiquimod was formulated into a cream following US 2007/0264317 A1. Briefly, 0.45 mg resiquimod was dissolved in endotoxin-free water under vortexing for the preparation of 1g ointment. The aqueous phase further comprised 0.5% (w/w) xanthan gum (Lactan, Graz, Austria) and 3.4% (w/w) polysorbate 60 (Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Austria). Resiquimod was substituted with water in equal parts for the placebo ointment. The lipophilic phase, consisting of 8.85% (w/w) oleic acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 3.6% (w/w) stearic acid, 2.63% (w/w) cetyl alcohol, 3.71% (w/w) stearyl alcohol, 3.59% (w/w) Vaseline white, 0.72% (w/w) sorbitan monostearate, and 2.39% (w/w) glycerol was heated to 70 °C. Both phases were mixed together at the same temperature, stirred cold, and the preservative consisting of 0.2% (w/w) methylparaben, 0.02% (w/w) propylparaben, and 2% (w/w) benzyl alcohol was added. Unless otherwise stated, the materials were purchased from Herba Chemosan, Graz, Austria.
3
Topical Formulation Development and Evaluation
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Ferulic acid, citric acid, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium dihydrogen phosphate 98% (KH2PO4), sodium phosphate dibasic ≥ 99% (Na2HPO4), and isopropyl myristate were purchased from Sigma (USA). Compritol 888 ATO, Monosteol, Precirol ATO5, Geleol FPF, Geleol Mono and Diglyceride, Geleol Pastilles, Compritol HD5 ATO, Sedefos 75, Gelot 64, Tefose 63, Gelucire 44/14, and Gelucire 50/13 were gift samples from Gattefossé (France). Myristyl alcohol was obtained from Kokyu Alcohol Kogyo Co. Ltd (Japan). HPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Duksan (South Korea). Tetrahydrofuran was purchased from VWR (USA). Acetic acid, sodium chloride (NaCl), cetyl alcohol, and Strat-M membrane were bought from Merck (USA). Carbopol Aqua CC polymer and Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer were received from Lubrizol (USA). Ethomeen O/12LC was purchased from Akzo Nobel (Netherlands). Xanthan gum was obtained from CP Kelco (USA). Mixture of phenoxyethanol and ethylhexylglycerin was received from Schülke & Mayr GmbH (Germany). Water used in this study was ultrapure water from Milli-Q Gradient A10 system (Millipore, France).
4
Formulation and Evaluation of Artemether-Lumefantrine Tablets
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Artemether was purchased from DB FINE CHEMICALS (Pty) Ltd. (Johannesburg, South Africa); lumefantrine was obtained from Cipla (Pty) Ltd. (Cape Town, South Africa). Stearic acid, glycerol monostearate, acetonitrile and octane-sulphonic acid were acquired from Associated Chemical Enterprises (Pty) Ltd. (Johannesburg, South Africa). Cetyl alcohol and methanol were procured from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and Coartem® was purchased from Novartis (Pty) Ltd. (Johannesburg, South Africa). CombiLac® and MicroceLac®100 were obtained from Meggle (Meggle Group, Wasserburg, BG Excipients & Technology, Wasserburg, Germany). All other chemicals employed were of analytical grade.
5
Mosquito Repellent Formulation Development
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Cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, vanillin, Span 80, Tween 60, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350, benzalkonium chloride (BKC), and diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA. Dow corning 200 was purchased from Dow Corning, Michigan, USA. Meanwhile, jojoba oil, sweet almond oil, coconut oil, emulsifying wax, shea butter, and cocoa butter were purchased from BF1 Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. The mosquitoes as subjects in the repellent efficacy study were provided by the Institute for Medical Research of Malaysia (IMR). Susceptible strains and nulliparous three- to seven-day-old adults were used as test species.
6
Formulation and Characterization of Skin-Safe Silicone and Polymer Compounds
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Skin-safe silicone PDMS (Body-double Kkinsafe Si), alginate (alja-safe and alja-safe breeze liquid alginate) and polyurethanes VytaFlex® 10 and VytaFlex® 20 were purchased from Bentley Advanced Materials. Polytek Poly74–29 Flexible Polyurethane Rubber and Polytek Poly PT Flex 20 Liquid Casting Rubber were purchased from MB Fibreglass. Diiodomethane, ethylene glycol and water of HPLC grade were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, cationic surfactants-WP, lauric acid, vaseline, cetyl-alcohol and difluoro{2-[1-(3,5-dimethyl-2 h-pyrrol-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene-N)ethyl]-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrolato-N}boron Pyrromethene546 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Polysorbate80 was purchased from EPS-Engineering.
7
Enzymatic Synthesis of Cetyl Wax Esters
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Extra virgin olive oil was purchased from the local food market (Athens, Greece). SFAD was kindly provided by Miracema-Nuodex Chemical Industry Ltd. (Campinas—São Paulo, Brazil). Cetyl alcohol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and was used for enzymatic synthesis of cetyl wax esters.
8
Celecoxib Topical Formulation Development
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Celecoxib was a kind gift from Memphis Cairo, Egypt. Cetyl alcohol was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Sorbitan monopalmitate (span 40) was purchased from Oxford Laboratory Chemicals, Mumbai, India. Spray-dried lactose was supplied by Medical Union Pharmaceuticals, Ismailia, Egypt. Chloroform and methanol were purchased from Fisons Scientific Equipment, Glasgow, UK. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide MTT and trypan blue dye were purchased from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA. Fetal bovine serum, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI)-1640, N-(-2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N’-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES) buffer solution, l -glutamine, gentamycin and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Lonza, Verviers, Belgium. All other solvents and chemicals used were of analytical grade and were used as received without further modifications.
9
Enzymatic Wax Ester Synthesis from SFAD
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Wax esters were enzymatically produced from SFAD and cetyl alcohol and were utilized as oleogelators. Enzymatic conversion of SFAD was carried out as described in our previous study [18 (link),19 (link)]. Briefly, cetyl alcohol (≥95% purity, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), which has been included in the list of food additives by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), was utilized with SFAD at a molar ratio of 1:1. Enzymatic synthesis was performed in a solvent-free system under agitation and the reaction was initiated by addition of the commercial lipase Novozyme 435 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
10
Lipid-Based Cellular Assay Protocol
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Tween® 20, cholesterol, cetyl alcohol, chloroform, sulforhodamine B, lipopolysaccharide, trypan blue, dexamethasone, trichloroacetic acid, tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer, cytochrome C from equine heart (purity ≥ 95%), melittin (purity ≥ 85%, HPLC grade) and phospholipase A2 (activity: 1775 units/mg solid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Apamin (purity 98.3%) was purchased from CalBiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, trypsin, L-glutamine, and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were purchased from Gibco Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Formic acid (HPLC grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). The Griess reagent system kit was bought from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Ultrapure water was obtained from adequate purification systems (Ellix Essential Millipore®, Darmstadt, Germany, and TGI Pure Water Systems, Brea, CA, USA).
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