Methacrylic acid

Tryptone and yeast extract were purchased from Suzhou Biogene Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. Graphite powder, sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), triethylamine (TEA), methacryloyl chloride (MAC), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), methacrylic acid (MAA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS), N,N’-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), cyclohexanone, petroleum ether, ether and inorganic salts were all in analytical reagent grade were commercially obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd. and used as received without further treatment. HPLC grade methanol was purchased from Shanghai Qiangshun Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd. HPLC grade DMF was obtained from Tedia Company Inc.

Chitosan, Methacrylic acid, rhodamine 6G, brilliant green, rhodamine B and ammonium persulfate (APS) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.

Arg-Me (121 mg, 0.5 mmol), diselenide crosslinker (20 mg, 0.05 mmol) and azo diisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were dissolved in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 20 mL, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.) in a N₂ atmosphere, heated at reflux, and stirred continuously for 3 h. After the reaction, the precipitate obtained by centrifugation of the product was washed three times with water and then freeze-dried to obtain a white powder, which was PAMSe. To prepare arginine-loaded nanomotors as a control, the above Arg-Me monomer was replaced by methacrylic acid (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.) and the rest of the synthesis procedure was kept unchanged to obtain polymer nanoparticles as PMSe. PMSe was then mixed with L-arginine (mass ratio = 10:1) for post-loading of L-arginine to obtain the post-loading type of PMSe/A nanomotor.

Carbon nanotube were multi-walled CNT with a length of 1~2 μm and outer diameter of 20~40 nm obtained from Shenzhen Nanotech Port Co., Ltd. Cellulose was received from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., LTD. (Shangai, China) 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim] Cl, >99%) was obtained from Shanghai Yiji Industrial Co., Ltd. (Shangai, China) Methacrylic acid (MMA, AR), dimethylformamide (DMA, AR), sodium chloride (NaCl, AR), methylene blue (biological dye, BS), methyl orange (biological dye, BS) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shangai, China). Distilled water was received from Harbin Wenjing Distilled Water Factory.

L-tyrosine (L-Tyr, ≥99%), L-phenylalanine (L-Phe, ≥99%), L-tryptophan (L-Trp, ≥99%), methacrylic acid (MAA, AR), acetonitrile, methanol, and acetic acid were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, ≥99%) was provided from HWRK Chemical Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). All reagents and solvents were used without further purification, and other reagents and solvents were of AR grade.

Ammonia solution (25–28 wt.%), n-butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (St), n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), methacrylic acid (MAA), p-toluene sulfonic acid (TsOH), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), as analytical reagent grade (AR). methacrylic acid-β-hydroxyethyl ester (HEMA) was purchased from Tianjin Institute of Chemical Reagents, AR. Poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA, average molecular weight = 475 g·mol⁻¹) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). 4,4′–Azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACPA, 98%, AR), containing ca. 20% water, was purchased from Energy Chemical. N, N-Dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) was purchased from Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China), AR. Hexamethylolmethymelamine (HMMM, MF Resin) was provided by H. J. Unkel Co., Ltd. (Zhuhai, China). The monomers BA, MMA, St, and BMA were extracted by washing four times with 10 wt.% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in a separatory funnel, followed by washing with deionized water four times in a separatory funnel. Other materials were used as received.

λ-Cyhalothrin (LC), fenvalerate (FL) were supplied by Jiangsu Huangma Agrochemicals Co., Ltd. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (mean diameter is 250 nm), styrene (St), divinylbenzene (DVB), acrylamide (AM), oleic acid (OA), methacrylic acid (MAA), α,α′-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN), toluene, methanol, acetone, chloroform, diethyl phthalate (DEP), and calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂·2H₂O) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Hypermer 2,296 was purchased from CRODA UK. All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Water was freshly deionized and distilled.