Fossil tissues and sediments were removed from S1 using a sterile scalpel, suspended in Milli-Q water, and then placed on sterile CaF2 infrared windows and left to air dry under a hood at room temperature. Likewise, standard samples were dissolved in Milli-Q water and then casted onto CaF2 infrared windows. Infrared microspectroscopic measurements were recorded at two beamlines: SMIS at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation facility, France, and D7, MAX-IV laboratory, Sweden. At SOLEIL, the infrared photon source was coupled to a Thermo Fisher Nicolet Nexus 5700 FTIR spectrometer equipped with a Continuum XL microscope. A single point MCT-A detector and a 15 × 15 μm aperture were used for the measurements. At MAX-IV laboratory, the set up combined a Hyperion 3000 microscope with a Bruker IFS66/v FTIR spectrometer. The image spectra were recorded in off-line mode using a MCT focal plane array detector consisting of 128 × 128 individual detector elements. Both microscopes operated in transmission mode at 4 cm−1 resolution.
Ifs66 v ftir spectrometer
Manufactured by Bruker
Sourced in China, Germany
The IFS66/v FTIR spectrometer is a compact and versatile Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer designed for a wide range of applications. It features a robust optical design and high-performance components to deliver reliable and accurate measurements across the infrared spectrum.
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9 protocols using ifs66 v ftir spectrometer
1
Infrared Microspectroscopic Analysis of Fossil Tissues
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Bismuth-Yttrium Vanadate
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The (Bi1–xYx)VO4 (x = 0.4, 0.65, 0.7, 0.8,
0.9, and 1.0) (abbreviated BYVx) samples were prepared via the solid-state
reaction method as described in our previous work.2 (link),3 (link) Samples
were sintered at temperatures from 850 to 1550 °C for 2 h.
XRD was performed with Cu Kα radiation (Rigaku D/MAX-2400
X-ray diffractometry, Tokyo, Japan) using a powder sample. The diffraction
pattern was collected over 5–65° (2θ) at a step
size of 0.02°. The Rietveld profile refinement method was employed
to analyze the data using the FULLPROF program. As-fired surfaces
were observed by SEM (FEI; Quanta 250 F). Raman spectra were performed
with a Raman spectrometer (inVia; Renishaw, England), excited by an
Ar+ laser (514.5 nm). Infrared reflectivity spectra were
measured using a Bruker IFS 66v FT-IR spectrometer on the infrared
beamline station (U4) at the National Synchrotron Radiation Lab. (NSRL),
China. Microwave dielectric properties were measured using the TE01δ method with a network analyzer (HP 8720 Network Analyzer;
Hewlett-Packard) and a temperature chamber (Delta 9023; Delta Design,
Poway, CA). The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency TCF
(τf) was calculated with the following formula where fT and fT0 are the TE01δ resonant frequencies at temperatures T and T0, respectively.
0.9, and 1.0) (abbreviated BYVx) samples were prepared via the solid-state
reaction method as described in our previous work.2 (link),3 (link) Samples
were sintered at temperatures from 850 to 1550 °C for 2 h.
XRD was performed with Cu Kα radiation (Rigaku D/MAX-2400
X-ray diffractometry, Tokyo, Japan) using a powder sample. The diffraction
pattern was collected over 5–65° (2θ) at a step
size of 0.02°. The Rietveld profile refinement method was employed
to analyze the data using the FULLPROF program. As-fired surfaces
were observed by SEM (FEI; Quanta 250 F). Raman spectra were performed
with a Raman spectrometer (inVia; Renishaw, England), excited by an
Ar+ laser (514.5 nm). Infrared reflectivity spectra were
measured using a Bruker IFS 66v FT-IR spectrometer on the infrared
beamline station (U4) at the National Synchrotron Radiation Lab. (NSRL),
China. Microwave dielectric properties were measured using the TE01δ method with a network analyzer (HP 8720 Network Analyzer;
Hewlett-Packard) and a temperature chamber (Delta 9023; Delta Design,
Poway, CA). The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency TCF
(τf) was calculated with the following formula where fT and fT0 are the TE01δ resonant frequencies at temperatures T and T0, respectively.
3
Characterization of Scaffold Morphologies
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The morphologies of the synthesized scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOLJSM-6701F) and high resolution micro-CT (mCT-80, Scanco Medical AG, Bassersdorf, Switzerland). The phase composition of the scaffolds were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectrum (FTIR, Bruker IFS66V FTIR spectrometer).
4
Infrared Microspectroscopic Analysis of Fossil Tissues
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Fossil tissues and sediments were removed from MHM-K2 using a sterile scalpel, suspended in Milli-Q water, and placed on a sterile CaF2 infrared window and left to air dry under a hood at room temperature. IR microspectroscopic measurements were recorded at beamline D7, MAX-IV laboratory, Sweden. The set-up combines a Hyperion 3000 microscope and a Bruker IFS66/v FTIR spectrometer. The infrared microscope was operated in transmission mode using a 170 × 170 µm aperture, a single element MCT, a 100 × 100 µm detector, and a ×15 objective/condenser. This arrangement gives a visible magnification of ×215 for the video camera in the microscope, which was used to locate relevant structures in the sample.
Measurements were taken also at the Department of Biology, Lund University. Here, a Hyperion 3000 microscope combined with a Tensor 27 spectrometer was used together with a single element MCT detector (250 × 250 µm) and a Globar light source. The microscope was operated in transmission mode at 4 cm−1 resolution, and a ×15 objective was employed. 128 scans were averaged to give a good signal to noise ratio.
Measurements were taken also at the Department of Biology, Lund University. Here, a Hyperion 3000 microscope combined with a Tensor 27 spectrometer was used together with a single element MCT detector (250 × 250 µm) and a Globar light source. The microscope was operated in transmission mode at 4 cm−1 resolution, and a ×15 objective was employed. 128 scans were averaged to give a good signal to noise ratio.
5
Solid-state Synthesis and Characterization of (Na0.5Bi0.5)(Mo1-xWx)O4 Ceramics
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The (Na0.5Bi0.5)(Mo1−xWx)O4 (x = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0) ceramics were prepared via the traditional solid state reaction method as described in our previous work2 (link), 15 (link). The calcination temperature is 600 °C and the samples were sintered under air atmosphere in 700~740 °C. XRD was performed using a Rigaku D/MAX-2400 X-ray diffractometry with Cu Kα radiation. The Rietveld profile refinement method was performed on chosen resutls, using Fullprof program35 (link). Ceramic surfaces were examined by a FEI Quanta 250 F scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Infrared reflectivity spectra were collected using a Bruker IFS 66 v FTIR spectrometer (on Infrared beamline station (BL01B) at National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), China). Microwave frequency dielectric properties were obtained using the TE01δ dielectric resonator method45 (link) with a HP 8720 Network Analyzer and a thermal cycling chamber (Delta 9023, Delta Design, Poway, CA). The temperature coefficient of frequency TCF (τf) was obtained using the following formula: where the fT and fT0 were the TE01δ frequencies at temperature T and T0, respectively.
6
Raman and FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis
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Raman spectra were recorded on a Jobin Yvon/HORIBA LabRam ARAMIS Raman spectrometer (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with an integral BX 41 confocal microscope (Tokyo, Japan). Radiation from an air‒cooled internal HeNe laser (632.8 nm) and an external cavity diode laser (785 nm) were used as the excitation source. The FT‒IR spectra of ninhydrin were recorded as KBr disks at room temperature by a Bruker IFS‒66V FT‒IR spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany), equipped with a DTGS detector (Karlsruhe, Germany) at a resolution of 4 cm−1.
7
Bone Composition Analysis by FTIR Spectroscopy
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The bone composition was assessed by Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy from decalcified and undecalcified biopsies (cases 2 and 8, respectively), using a Hyperion 3000 microscope and a Bruker IFS66/v FTIR spectrometer with a focal plane array (FPA) detector. Measurements were conducted in transmission mode on 3-µm sections using a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1 and 64 repeated scans with a spatial resolution of 2.66 µm. Areal measurements (0.6 mm2) of the fracture gap and immediate surroundings were conducted. Pre-processing and analysis followed established protocols (Isaksson et al. 2010). The amide I peak (1585–1720 cm-1) and the phosphate peak (900–1200 cm-1) were analyzed as measures of the organic composition and mineral composition, respectively. The mineral-to-matrix ratio (phosphate/amide I) was calculated as an estimate of the degree of mineralization (Boskey et al. 2008 (link)). Additionally, collagen maturity (Paschalis et al. 2001), crystallinity, and acid phosphate substitution were estimated (Spevak et al. 2013).
8
FTIR Analysis of NiO-NPs Powder
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FTIR analysis of NiO-NPs powder was performed using a Bruker IFS66V FTIR spectrometer for the frequency range between 4000 and 400 cm -1 at room temperature. NiO sample was mixed with potassium bromide, which were ground and pressed into a transparent pellet with a diameter of 13 mm.
9
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Tropoelastin
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Vibrational spectroscopy was performed on dry tropoelastin and HeaTro samples (~ 8 mg).
FTIR spectra were collected using a Bruker IFS66V FTIR spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) equipped with a KBr beamsplitter and DLTGS detector. The sampling accessory was a MIRacle single reflection horizontal attenuated total reflectance (ATR) (Pike Technologies, Madison, WI) equipped with a composite diamond internal reflection element (IRE) with a 2-mm sampling surface and a ZnSe focusing element. Single-beam spectra of the samples were obtained and ratioed against a single-beam background spectrum of air to produce a spectrum in absorbance units. The spectrum of a clean, blank ATR crystal surface was used as reference. After every measurement, the ATR crystal was washed with isopropyl alcohol and air-dried and a new background spectrum was collected. Spectra were collected over the region of 4000 -525 cm -1 with the co-addition of 128 scans at a resolution of 4 cm -1 . Spectra of each sample were collected in triplicate.
FTIR spectra were collected using a Bruker IFS66V FTIR spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) equipped with a KBr beamsplitter and DLTGS detector. The sampling accessory was a MIRacle single reflection horizontal attenuated total reflectance (ATR) (Pike Technologies, Madison, WI) equipped with a composite diamond internal reflection element (IRE) with a 2-mm sampling surface and a ZnSe focusing element. Single-beam spectra of the samples were obtained and ratioed against a single-beam background spectrum of air to produce a spectrum in absorbance units. The spectrum of a clean, blank ATR crystal surface was used as reference. After every measurement, the ATR crystal was washed with isopropyl alcohol and air-dried and a new background spectrum was collected. Spectra were collected over the region of 4000 -525 cm -1 with the co-addition of 128 scans at a resolution of 4 cm -1 . Spectra of each sample were collected in triplicate.
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