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6 protocols using sc 16128 r

1

Extracellular Traps in Kidney Tissue

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Samples of kidney tissue were collected from mice, embedded in Tissue-Tek® O.C.T.™, immediately frozen in 2-methylbutane (isopentane) resting in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70°C. Sections were cut to a thickness of 10–15 μm, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with Hoechst 33342 (1 μg/mL, Molecular Probes), anti-MPO (1:50; sc-16128-R, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-DNA/histone H1 (1:200, MAB3864, Merck Millipore) antibodies, followed by anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594 (1:100; Molecular Probes) or anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 (1:400; Molecular Probes). Confocal images were taken with a Leica TCS SP5-AOBS microscope (Leica Microsystems, Mannheim, Germany); epifluorescence images were taken with a Zeiss Axioplan. Permeabilizing agents were not used, resulting in exclusive extracellular labeling. Assessment was made in a purely qualitative fashion to detect the presence or absence of NETs in the analyzed samples.
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2

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Brain Markers

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Samples were blocked with a solution containing 0.3% Triton, 3% goat serum, and 1% bovine serum albumin. To label BrdU, sections were preincubated with 2N HCL at 37 °C, followed by incubation with rat monoclonal antibody against BrdU (1:400; ab6326; Abcam, UK). For others, sections were incubated with antibody against TREM-1 (1:200; ab217161, Abcam, UK), Iba-1 (1:500; #019-19741, Wako, Japan), CD68 (1:200; MCA1957GA, AbD Serotec, UK), GFAP (1:500; ab4648, Abcam, UK), NeuN (1:500; ab177487, Abcam, UK), MBP (1:500; ab7349, Abcam, UK), vWF (1:500; ab6994, Abcam, UK), MPO (1:200; sc-16128-R, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), SYK (1:200; #13198, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) (1:200; sc-393581, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, UK) overnight at 4 °C. Sections were then incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies and DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The positive signal was quantified by Image J software (NIH, USA).
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3

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

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The tissue segment was embedded in optimum cutting temperature, and sections (15 μm) were blocked and incubated with primary antibodies against Histone H3 citrulline R17+R2+R8 (1:1000; ab5103, Abcam) and then stained with conjugated secondary antibodies. Images and analysis were performed using a fluorescence microscope (Leica DMI6000B). For immunostaining, neutrophils were attached on slides coated with poly-d-lysine (Sigma) and stimulated with PMA (100 ng/ml) or medium. The slides were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with DAPI (P36935, Molecular Probes), anti-MPO (1:50; sc-16128-R, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and anti-histone H4 (1:200, sc-25260, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibodies, followed by anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594 (1:100; Molecular Probes) or anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 (1:400; Molecular Probes). Confocal images were taken with a Leica TCS SP5-AOBS microscope (Leica Microsystems, Mannheim, Germany). Epifluorescence images were taken with a Zeiss Axioplan. Permeabilizing agents were not used for exclusive extracellular labeling. The percentage of NETs was determined from six non-overlapping fields per well and the average was from triplicates for each condition in every experiment. All analysis was performed blinded to treatment conditions.
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4

Quantification of Histone-DNA and MPO-DNA Complexes in Serum

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The levels of human histone (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4)-associated DNA fragments in the serum were quantified by a photometric enzyme immunoassay (Roche Life Science, IN, USA); and analyzed as determined by the manufacturer.
For the quantification of the DNA-MPO complex levels in the serum samples, a previously described ELISA was performed [19 (link)] The anti-MPO antibody used in our assays was a different one (catalog number sc-16128-R; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, TX, USA).
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5

Quantifying DNA Binding to Myeloperoxidase

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This procedure was performed as previously described [41 (link)]. Briefly, an antibody bound to the 96-well clear-bottom black plate captured the enzyme MPO (5 μg/ml; sc-16128-R, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and the amount of DNA bound to the enzyme was quantified using the Quant-iT™ PicoGreen® kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The fluorescence intensity (excitation at 488 nm and emission at 525 nm wavelength) was quantified by a FlexStation 3 Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices, CA, USA).
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6

Protein Analysis by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot

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Protein analysis was performed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis/western blot, loading 30 μg each sample. Proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Amersham, GE Healthcare Europe GmbH, Milano, Italy), and revealed by immunoblotting with specific antibodies: rabbit polyclonal heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (1:200)(sc-10789; Santa Cruz Biotechnology™, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit polyclonal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (1:200) (sc-8310; Santa Cruz Biotechnology™), rabbit polyclonal cytochrome 1b1 (Cyp1b1) (1:200) (sc-32882; Santa Cruz Biotechnology™), goat polyclonal heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) (1:200)(sc-10-70; Santa Cruz Biotechnology™), rabbit polyclonal cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) (1:1000)(#4842; Cell Signalling Technology®, Danvers, MA, USA), and rabbit polyclonal myeloperoxidase (MPO) (1:200) (sc-16128-R; Santa Cruz Biotechnology™). The secondary antibodies were appropriate horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (1:5000) (31460 Thermofisher Scientific™ Waltham, MA, USA) or donkey anti-goat (1:2000) (sc-2020; Santa Cruz Biotechnology™). Immunoblot bands have been analyzed and the optical density quantified by LAS4000 (GE Healthcare, Marlborough, MA, USA); all the data have been normalized to Ponceau staining (Sigma Chemical Co., Milano, Italy) [78 (link)].
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