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6 protocols using automated microscope

1

Immunofluorescent Detection of γH2A.X

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EPCs were fixed in 4% PFA for 15 min at room temperature. Cells were washed, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 20 min and washed with PBS. Additionally, the cells were blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS + 0.1% Tween 20 for 1 h at room temperature. γH2A.X (Abcam) antibody was diluted with 5% BSA in PBS and incubated overnight at 4 °C. The next day, the slides were washed with PBS and incubated with the secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor-555 (Invitrogen), at room temperature for 1 h in the dark. The washed slides were mounted with DAPI. The stained cells were observed using an automated microscope (BioTek).
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2

ROS Measurement Using H2DCFDA

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To measure ROS levels, cell-permeant, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) (Thermo Fisher Scientific), was used. The detached cells were incubated with 1 μM H2DCFDA for 30 min at 37 °C. Subsequently, the cells were washed with PBS and analyzed using flow cytometry (Accuri C6; BD Biosciences). The cell plates were incubated with 10 μM DCFDA at 37 °C for 30 min. Hoechst 33342 was used for nuclear staining. After washing with PBS, images were analyzed using an automated microscope (BioTek).
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3

Quantifying Endothelial Cell Proliferation

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EPCs were cultured on coverslips in a 6-well plate containing 10 μM EdU for 5 h. EdU staining was conducted using the EdU Cell Proliferation Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst-33342 (Sigma-Aldrich). An automated microscope (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA) was used to acquire the images.
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4

Senescent EPC Senescence Assay

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Senescent EPCs were seeded at 1.5 × 105 cells on a 6-well plate. The cells were stained using a SA β-gal staining kit (Cell Signaling Technology, Denvers, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After staining, the images were acquired using an automated microscope (BioTek), and the cells were counted with blue-colored staining for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity.
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5

Transwell Migration Assay for Cell Chemotaxis

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Transwell migration assays were performed using 24-well Transwell 8.0 μm pore polycarbonate membrane inserts (Corning, NY, USA). The upper inserts were seeded at 5 × 104 cells in EGM-2 medium and lower chamber was added with EGM-2 with 100 ng/mL SDF-1α (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). After incubating the plates for 6 h at 37 °C, the cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 25% methanol. The inserts were washed with distilled water until clean, and the insert membranes were mounted on glass slides. The stained cells were observed using an automated microscope (BioTek).
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6

Angiogenesis Assay in Nude Mice

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Matrigel plug assay was performed on BALB/c nude mice (Orient Bio, Seongnam, Republic of Korea). Cells (5 × 105 cells) were added to 500 μL of growth factor-reduced Matrigel (Corning) containing 50 unit/mL heparin (Sigma-Aldrich) and then, subcutaneously injected into mice. Six days later, the mice were anesthetized, and Matrigel plugs were obtained. Matrigels were fixed with 4% PFA and embedded in paraffin. For immunostaining, Matrigel sections were stained with CD31 antibody (Abcam). Sections were imaged using an automated microscope (BioTek).
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