Stigmasterol (95 %), dexamethasone, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), compound 48/80 (C2313), polyethylene glycol (PEG), Evans Blue dye, and ketotifen fumarate were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was purchased from PAA Laboratories (Marburg, Germany). Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) was procured from Gibco (Karlsruhe, Germany). Rat TNFα ELISA quantification kit was obtained from MLBio Biotechnology Company Limited (Shanghai, China).
Ketotifen fumarate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Ketotifen fumarate is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white or pale yellow crystalline powder, soluble in water and organic solvents. Ketotifen fumarate is commonly used in research and development applications, but its specific core function is not provided in order to maintain an unbiased and factual approach.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Compound 48 80, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dexamethasone (dex), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Polyethylene glycol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Stigmasterol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Evans blue dye, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Nutrient mixture f 12 medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Amthamine dihydrobromide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ketotifen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Beetle luciferin, by Promega (1 mentions)
Cromolyn, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Isotype matched control igg, by BioXCell (1 mentions)
Cromolyn sodium salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tipifarnib, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Coptisine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Natamycin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Moxifloxacin, by Selleck Chemicals (1 mentions)
Timolol maleate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Doxorubicin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
12 protocols using ketotifen fumarate
1
Inflammatory Response Assay Protocol
2
Conjunctival Fibroblast Cytokine Response
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Human conjunctival samples were collected using scissors from normal volunteers from whom informed consent had been obtained. Samples were incubated in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) to grow fibroblasts. Specimens were cultured in complete medium at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere supplemented with 5% CO2 in air for a few weeks. The cells were grown with incubation in a flask. Fibroblasts were subcultured in 96 well plates at a concentration of 1×105 cells/mL. One day later, cells were incubated with TNF-α (30 ng/mL) and IL-4 (30 ng/mL) in combination with ketotifen fumarate and dexamethasone: 10−6~−8 M (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Twenty-four hours later, culture supernatants were collected and PGE2 levels were determined.
3
Circadian Rhythms in hRPE-YC Cells
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The Bmal1-luciferase rhythms were analyzed as described (29 (link)) using culture medium supplemented with 50 µM beetle luciferin (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and a multichannel chemiluminescence analyzer (Kronos-Dio, Model AB-2550; ATTO Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) set at 37°C. The time point with the peak chemiluminescence level in the Bmal1-luciferase rhythms was regarded as circadian time (CT) 20. To analyze phase-response curves (PRCs) against pharmacological stimulations, Kronos recordings were paused for 5 min. During the pause, 10% of culture medium (100 µL) was collected from each dish. Histamine, amthamine dihydrobromide, ketotifen fumarate (Sigma-Aldrich), or d-CPA was added to the collected culture medium and gently returned to the culture dish (final diluted concentration: 50 µM for histamine, 50 µM for amthamine dihydrobromide, 10 µM for d-CPA, and 10 µM for ketotifen). Although hRPE-YC cells represented little sensitivity to light (29 (link)), above medium exchanges were carefully conducted under dim red light (<3 lx). The PRCs were eye fitted by three experienced investigators.
4
Calcium Ionophore Signaling Pathway
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Calcium ionophore (A23187), tacrolimus, and ketotifen fumarate were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Primary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA), Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), Biovision (Milpitas, CA, USA), and Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
5
Targeting Mast Cells and CCL2 in Tumor Models
6
Modulating Immune Responses in Skin Transplant
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For neutrophil depletion experiments, 200 μg of a rat anti–mouse Ly6G Ab (clone NIMP-R14) or irrelevant control rat Ab was injected twice i.p. into C57Bl/6 mice 24 h before and, at day 3 post-ear skin transplantation as previously described (33 (link)). Ketotifen fumarate (Sigma-Aldrich), a histamine H1-receptor antagonist, or DMSO solvent control was injected i.p. into C57Bl/6 mice at 32 mg/kg in 0.2 mL PBS 12h prior transplantation and then every day for 6 days (34 (link)). Cromolyn Sodium Salt (Sigma-Aldrich; 100 mg/kg) in 0.2 mL PBS was injected sc. 48 h, 24 h and 30 min before transplantation and then every day for 6 days to block mast cell degranulation (35 (link)).
7
Preparation and Application of Chemical Inhibitors
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U18666A was acquired from Merck, Ketotifen-fumarate, and Tipifarnib were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. The substances were dissolved in DMSO to produce stock solutions (U18666A at 4 mg/ml, Ketotifen at 20 mM, and Tipifarnib at 5 mM), which were subsequently aliquoted and frozen at -80°C. The drugs were added to the complete growth medium at the indicated time points and at the concentration indicated for each experiment. The medium containing the inhibitor was renewed every 24 hours.
8
Allergic Rhinitis Mouse Model and Treatments
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We built an OVA-induced allergic rhinitis model according to previous studies with modulation [39 (link),40 (link)]. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with OVA (50 μg) in aluminum hydroxide (2 mg) once every two days on days 0–14. Then, mice were sensitized by instilling 10 μL of 10% OVA into the bilateral nasal cavities for ten consecutive day. Drug treatment groups were orally administrated coptisine (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and ketotifen fumarate (50 mg/kg) (Keto. purity ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) before intranasal OVA challenge at day 15–24. Normal and AR groups were given deionized water alone. The level of nasal rubbing was determined in the 10 min after OVA intranasal provocation. Twenty-four hours later, the serum was collected, and serum levels of OVA-specific IgE, histamine, IL-4 and TNF-α were measured using ELISAs.
9
Polygonum multiflorum Rhubarb Root Extract Characterization
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Polygonum multiflorum rhubarb roots were purchased from Beijing Tong Ren Tang, Beijing, China. As described previously7 (link), the air-dried roots were powdered, extracted by soaking for 2 h and boiling gently for 2 h and stored at 4 °C until use, and the samples were authenticated by Prof. Wen Wang, a botanist at Xuanwu Hospital in Beijing, China. The extract was diluted to 1 g/ml RE. Ketotifen fumarate was produced by Sigma (USA, Lot number: 080M1565V) and Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI, Lot number: K0048). Krebs-Henseit solution (K-HS) includes the following ingredients (in mM) at pH 7.4: NaCl, 117; KCl, 4.5, CaCl2, 2.5; MgCl2, 1.2; NaHCO3, 24.8; KH2PO4, 1.2; and glucose, 11.1. (Supplementary Table 1 )
10
Drug Uptake by Contact Lenses
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Natamycin, ketotifen fumarate, and timolol maleate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (Oakville, Ontario, Canada), and moxifloxacin was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX). After the initial preparation procedure, the lenses were incubated in 1 mL of 1 mg/mL drug solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, for 24 hours. Studies with Natamycin and moxifloxacin were performed in light-minimizing conditions. With the exception of Natamycin, which was prepared as a suspension, all other drugs completely dissolved in solution.
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