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5 protocols using staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin b

1

Preparation of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B

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Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Belgium) and was dissolved in distilled water according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The enterotoxin was prepared as stock solutions of 20 μg/mL and kept at -20°C until use.
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2

Immortalization of EBV-B Cell Lines

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The EBV-B cell lines CP50-EBV and LG2-EBV were obtained several years ago in our laboratory by immortalization of blood B cells with EBV, using a published procedure55 (link). Cells were cultured in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM; Life Technologies–Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, 0.24 mM L-asparagine, 0.55 mM L-arginine, 1.5 mM L-glutamine (AAG), 100 U ml−1 penicillin and 100 μg ml−1 streptomycin. Patient-derived tumour ascites and blood cells from haemochromatosis patients were collected after approval by Institutional Review Boards of all collaborating institutions. CD8 TILs and blood CD8 T cells were sorted by a negative selection strategy (Miltenyi Biotec–Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) from the CD2-positive cells selected by rosetting from the ascites using sheep red bloods cells23 (link). In some experiments, freshly isolated blood CD8 T cells were first cultured in IMDM, 10% human serum (HS) and 25 U ml−1 rhIL-2 (Chiron) in the presence of irradiated LG2-EBV cells, which were previously pulsed with 10 ng ml−1 of a cocktail of bacterial sAg: toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (all from Sigma-Aldrich–Saint-Louis, MO, USA). These T-cell lines were used after 1–2 weeks in culture.
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3

Th1/Th2 Polarization of CD4+ T Cells by DC Stimulation

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DCs were stimulated with HIV‐1 Cap‐RNA58, R848, or a combination. As a positive control for T helper (TH) 1 skewing, DCs were stimulated with LPS (10 ng/ml; Sigma) and IFNγ (1000 U/ml; u‐CyTech) and with LPS and PGE2 (1 μM; Sigma) to induce TH2 skewing. After 48 h, DCs were collected, washed, and cocultured with isolated naïve CD4+ T cells from an allogeneic donor in a 1:4 ratio. DC‐T cell cocultures were performed in IMDM medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FCS, penicillin, and streptomycin (100 U/ml and 100 μg/ml, respectively; Thermo Fisher, IMDM complete) and in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (10 pg/ml; Sigma). On day 5, IL‐2 (10 U/ml; Chiron) was added and on day 11–13, resting T cells were restimulated using PMA (10 ng/ml; Sigma) and ionomycin (1 mg/ml; Sigma) for 6 h and brefeldin A (10 μg/ml; Sigma) for the final 4 h. Cells were fixed with 4% PFA, permeabilized with 0.1% saponin in PBS with 0.5% BSA, and stained with FITC‐conjugated anti‐IFNγ (1:5, 340449; BD Biosciences) and APC‐conjugated anti‐IL‐4 (1:25, 554486; BD Biosciences), indicative of TH1 and TH2 skewing, respectively. Flow cytometry was performed using FACSCanto II (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo software v10.7.
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4

Nasal Mucosa T Cell Cytokine Analysis

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Fresh human nasal mucosa was processed as described as before [12] . To check T cell intracytoplasmatic cytokine expression, nasal mucosa single cells were resuspended in tissue culture medium (TCM, RPMI1640 with 10% FBS). T cells were activated with 50 ng/ml PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (Sigma) and 1 µg/mlIonomycin (Sigma) for 6 hours and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2, after 1 hour 3 µg/ml Brefeldin A (ebioscience) was added.
To test the effect of superantigens on T helper cell plasticity, nasal mucosa single cells were stimulated with 0,5 µg/ml Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (Sigma) or TCM for 24 hours and the last 4 hoursPMA/Ionomycin/Brefeldin A was added.
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5

Activation and Cytotoxicity Assay of PBMCs

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PBMCs where thawed in RPMI Medium 1640+GlutaMax (Sigma-Aldrich) with 10% FCS (both from Gibco, Life Technologies, Naerum, Denmark) and DNase (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Naerum, Denmark), and rested overnight in 24-well plates at 37 °C and 5% pCO2 in X-vivo 15 (Lonza) with 10% human serum (Sigma-Aldrich). To activate the T cells, we used the superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (Sigma-Aldrich). In the negative control nothing was added. For the NK cell-mediated killing, the MHC class I-deficient cell line K562 served as target cells, E:T ratio was 1:1. CD107a-PE (BD Pharmingen, Albertslund, Denmark) and BD GolgiPlug (BD Biosciences, Albertslund, Denmark) were added and cells incubated for 5 h according to the CD107a assay protocol.29 (link) PBMC samples were surface stained with CD3-PerCP-Cy5.5, CD16-HV500 (both from BD Pharmingen), CD56-BV421 (BioLegend, Nordic Biosite, Copenhagen, Denmark) and LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit for 633 or 635 nm excitation (Invitrogen, Life Technologies) for the NK cells and CD3-PerCP-Cy5,5, CD8-HV450, CD4-HV500 (all from BD Pharmingen) and LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit for 633 or 635 nm excitation (Invitrogen, Life Technologies) for the T cells. Acquisition was conducted on a FACSCanto II (BD Biosciences) and data analyzed using FACSDiva software (BD Biosciences).
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