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2 protocols using citalopram

1

Photodegradation of Citalopram Pharmaceuticals

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Citalopram (1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3H-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile, hydrobromide), with a purity grade >95%, was purchased from LGC Promochem (Molsheim, France). For analytical purposes, Citalopram (CIT) was dissolved in methanol to provide a stock solution containing 1000 mg L−1 of analyte. The solution was stored in glass-stopped bottles at −20 °C in the dark. Standard working solutions were prepared daily. Ultrapure water used was produced by a Milli-Q system (Evoqua, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Photosensitizers included freeze-dried Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM), which was obtained from the International Humic Substances Society (Denver, CO, USA), and NaNO3 and NaHCO3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Athens, Greece). Irradiation procedures of CIT were carried out by experimental solutions that were prepared by dissolving CIT directly in Milli-Q water (MQ), MQ water + sensitizers, WWTP effluent and lake water. Acetonitrile (≥99.9%) was purchased from Merck Life Science S.r.l. (Milan, Italy). TiO2 P25 (Evonik Industries, Essen, Italy) was used as photocatalyst.
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2

Comprehensive Analytical Reference Standards

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Certified reference materials of amitriptyline, bupropion, citalopram, desipramine, desmethylcitalopram, duloxetine, fluoxetine, imipramine, mirtazapine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, sertraline and trazodone were purchased from LGC Standards (Teddington, London, UK); certified reference materials of clomipramine, desmethylvenlafaxine, doxepin, hydroxybupropion, norfluoxetine, norsertraline, trimipramine, venlafaxine, 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, zolpidem, 6-monoacetylmorphine, N-desmethyltramadol, buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, naloxone, naltrexone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tramadol, bupropion-d 9 , citalopram-d 6 , clonazepam-d 4 , codeine-d 3 , diazepam-d 5 , duloxetine-d 3 and morphine-d 3 from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA); methanol, acetonitrile, ammonium formate and formic acid from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); ultrapure deionized water was purified by Milli-Q from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). All solvents used in the extraction procedure were HPLC grade. Quantisal™ oral fluid collection devices and elution buffer were purchased from Immunalysis (Pomona, CA, USA).
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