IBM SPSS® for Windows® ver 22.0 was used for data analysis. The distribution of observed methylation frequencies was compared between exposed and unexposed groups using Fisher's exact test. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Spss for windows ver 22
Manufactured by IBM
Sourced in United States
SPSS for Windows ver. 22.0 is a software package developed by IBM that provides advanced statistical analysis capabilities. It is designed to assist users in analyzing and interpreting data, with a focus on various statistical techniques and methods.
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22 protocols using spss for windows ver 22
1
Methylation Frequency Comparison
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IBM SPSS® for Windows® ver 22.0 was used for data analysis. The distribution of observed methylation frequencies was compared between exposed and unexposed groups using Fisher's exact test. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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IBM SPSS® for Windows® ver 22.0 was used for data analysis. The distribution of observed methylation frequencies was compared between exposed and unexposed groups using Fisher's exact test. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
2
Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Data
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Data were analyzed with SPSS® for Windows® ver 22.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). Quantitative variables were summarised using mean and SD for normally distributed data; median (IQR) otherwise. One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the distribution of the variables. Continuous variables were compared between two groups with Student’s t test for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U test. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparing three or more groups. Post hoc analysis was carried out to identify pairwise significance.
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Data were analyzed with SPSS® for Windows® ver 22.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). Quantitative variables were summarised using mean and SD for normally distributed data; median (IQR) otherwise. One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the distribution of the variables. Continuous variables were compared between two groups with Student’s t test for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U test. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparing three or more groups. Post hoc analysis was carried out to identify pairwise significance.
3
Statistical Analyses of Research Data
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Data were coded, sorted, and processed using SPSS® for Windows® ver 22 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). After data cleaning, continuous variables were summarized using means and SD or median and range. Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages. At the bivariate level, Pearson’s χ2 was used for comparison of frequencies; Fisher’s exact test was used when >20% of the cells had expected frequencies of <5.28 Variables with a p value <0.10 at the bivariate level were entered into multivariate logistic regression models for the two outcomes.29 Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% CI were computed using the stepwise approach. Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic and Omnibus tests were conducted to determine the model fitness, with a Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 yielding a p value >0.05 indicating a good fit.30
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Data were coded, sorted, and processed using SPSS® for Windows® ver 22 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). After data cleaning, continuous variables were summarized using means and SD or median and range. Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages. At the bivariate level, Pearson’s χ2 was used for comparison of frequencies; Fisher’s exact test was used when >20% of the cells had expected frequencies of <5.28 Variables with a p value <0.10 at the bivariate level were entered into multivariate logistic regression models for the two outcomes.29 Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% CI were computed using the stepwise approach. Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic and Omnibus tests were conducted to determine the model fitness, with a Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 yielding a p value >0.05 indicating a good fit.30
4
Glucose Homeostasis and Rice Digestion
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Results are reported as mean ± SE of the mean unless otherwise stated. AUC of each measurement was calculated according to the trapezoidal rule. Standard deviation (SD)-glucose was expressed as SD of glucose levels from −15 min to 240 min. All statistical calculations were performed using IBM SPSS for Windows ver. 22 (SAS Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA). Repeated measures were analysed by mixed effects model. AUCs, SDs, and half time for emptying ingested steamed rice (Time 50%) were compared by Wilcoxon rank sum test. A p value <0.05 was taken to indicate significant differences.
5
Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Data
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Data was entered into a MS-Excel spread sheet and exported into SPSS for Windows (Ver.22) for analysis. Frequencies and proportions were calculated. Two sample Z test was applied for comparison of proportions. P values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
6
Safe Practices Adoption and Knowledge
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The collected data were analyzed using SPSS® for Windows® ver 22. Descriptive statistics included frequencies and percentages. χ2 test was used to examine if there was a significant difference in the frequency of adopting safe practices between two groups with good and poor level of knowledge. One-way ANOVA was used to compare means among three or more groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between two variables. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the independent predictors after adjusting for covariates. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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The collected data were analyzed using SPSS® for Windows® ver 22. Descriptive statistics included frequencies and percentages. χ2 test was used to examine if there was a significant difference in the frequency of adopting safe practices between two groups with good and poor level of knowledge. One-way ANOVA was used to compare means among three or more groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between two variables. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the independent predictors after adjusting for covariates. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
7
Glyphosate Effects on Plant Physiology
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All data were analyzed using OriginPro Ver 9.1 and SPSS for Windows Ver 22, and were reported as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance, and Student's t test was used to determine the differences between the control and glyphosate treatment groups. Then p values < 0.05 were set as statistically significant.
8
Statistical Analysis of Respondent Choices
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All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS for Windows ver. 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). We used frequency analysis to describe the number of occurrences for each response chosen by the respondents. A comparative analysis between regional and metropolitan responses was also performed. We tested the statistical significance of metropolitan-regional differences using χ2 tests. The α level for statistical significance was 0.05.
9
Statistical Analysis of Clinical Outcomes
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After matching was performed, demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes of interest were compared using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test and the t-test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Results are expressed as mean±standard deviation or median with interquartile range (IQR). Repeated continuous variables were compared using 1-way analysis of variance. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS for Windows ver. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). All p-values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
10
Categorizing Continuing Education Requirements
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Using these 18 types of PDAs, the two investigators independently categorized the continuing education requirements of all 51 regulatory boards into four categories: mandated, allowed without a cap on the maximum hours, allowed with a cap on the maximum hours, and not allowed (or not mentioned) for CEUs. Inter-rater reliability was computed using Cohen’s kappa, which was conducted using the IBM SPSS for Windows ver. 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). The kappa statistic on the agreement between the two raters on each of the 18 PDAs ranged from 0.8 to 1.0, which is considered to be excellent [8 (link)]. Finally, two other investigators (SRH and HKY) collaboratively summarized the findings of the sorted categories of continuing education requirements and PDAs or continuing education activities required, allowed, and not allowed/not mentioned for CEUs.
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