Immunostaining of gonads was performed essentially as described (Kim et al., parallel) .
The primary antibodies (1:100) used were anti-acetyl-histone H3K9 antibody (Abcam, ab12179), anti-di-methyl-histone H3K9 antibody (Abcam, ab1220), and anti-tri-methyl histone H3K4 (Millipore, . The secondary antibodies (1:1000) used were goat antimouse IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor 594 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A11005), goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A11001), and goat anti-rabbit IgG(H+L) Alexa Fluor 568 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A11011), respectively. Epifluorescence and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy were performed using an Axio Imager M2 Microscope (Zeiss). Images were captured with an ORCA-ER digital camera (Hamamatsu) and processed using Axiovision software (Zeiss).