Except when testing different concentrations of DMNT, all bioassays in this study used 7 μM DMNT and second-instar P. xylostella larvae. For each assay, we performed six independent replicates, each consisting of 15 larvae. The experiments were carried out in clear Petri dishes wrapped with surgical tape (3M Micropore) for air ventilation. Within each dish, we placed three forage blocks (diameter 1.5 cm, height 0.8 cm) and added 15 μL of 0.1 mg/mL DMNT dissolved in paraffin oil (Sigma) as solvent on top of each block to bring the final DMNT concentration in forage to 7 μM. The same volume of paraffin oil was used as controls. After different lengths of DMNT exposure, the survival, body weight, pupation, and eclosion data were collected and compared.
Paraffin oil
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, France
Paraffin oil is a clear, odorless, and colorless liquid derived from petroleum. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a lubricant, sealant, and heat transfer medium.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Graphite powder, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Span 80, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Tween 80, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Phosphoric acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sucrose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Nitric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hexane, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Nah2po4, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Carbon powder, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Propylene glycol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hydrogen chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Potassium hydrogen phosphite, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Kh2po4, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
112 protocols using paraffin oil
1
Evaluating DMNT's Effects on Diamondback Moth
2
Olfactory Evaluation of Insect Repellents
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Odorants were purchased at the highest purity available. 1-octen-3-ol (SAFC, product # W280518), and benzaldehyde (Aldrich, product # 418099) were used undiluted or diluted in paraffin oil (Sigma-Aldrich, product# 18512) to 0.1, 1 and 10%. IR3535 (EMD Chemicals, product# 111887), picaridin (Cayman Chemical, product# 16458), and eugenol (Aldrich, product# E51791) were used undiluted. Lemongrass oil (SAFC, product# W262404), p-menthane-3,8-diol (BOC Sciences, 80%, catalog# B0005-092293), and DEET (Sigma Aldrich, product # 36542), were used undiluted, or diluted in paraffin oil to 30%.
3
Odorant Receptor Identification in Rhodnius
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Odors were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, FLUKA, Aldrich at the highest purity available. Compounds used are listed in S2 and S3 Tables, together with the respective solvent used (paraffin oil, CAS: 8012-95-1, Supelco, USA; distilled water; or ethanol, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), in which each odor was diluted. For electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, a dilution of 10% in paraffin oil (Supelco, USA) was used, while we applied all odors at a dilution of 1% in single sensillum recordings (SSRs). In EAG recordings, certified grade carbon dioxide, diluted to a final concentration of 30% with air, was used. An odor blend, used only in SSR, was created by mixing all compounds listed in S3 Table in a 1:1 ratio, all at 1% dilution in paraffin oil. The compounds in this blend are known to be detected by odorant receptors (ORs) in other insect species, and were thus designed to identify possible ORs housed in the grooved peg sensilla of Rhodnius spp [55 (link)–58 (link)].
4
Odor Dilution Protocol for Insect EAG and SSR
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Odors were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, FLUKA, Aldrich at the highest purity available.
Compounds used are listed in Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Table 2, together with the respective solvent used (paraffin oil, CAS: 8012-95-1, Supelco, USA; distilled water; or ethanol, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), in which each odor was diluted.
For electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, a dilution of 10% in paraffin oil (Supelco, USA) was used, while we applied all odors at a dilution of 1% in single sensillum recordings (SSRs). An odor blend, used only in SSR, was created by mixing all compounds listed in S2 Table in a 1:1 ratio, all at 1% dilution in paraffin oil. The compounds in this blend are known to be detected by odorant receptors (ORs) in other species, and were thus designed to identify possible ORs housed in the grooved peg sensilla of Rhodnius spp [40] [41] [42] [43] .
Compounds used are listed in Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Table 2, together with the respective solvent used (paraffin oil, CAS: 8012-95-1, Supelco, USA; distilled water; or ethanol, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), in which each odor was diluted.
For electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, a dilution of 10% in paraffin oil (Supelco, USA) was used, while we applied all odors at a dilution of 1% in single sensillum recordings (SSRs). An odor blend, used only in SSR, was created by mixing all compounds listed in S2 Table in a 1:1 ratio, all at 1% dilution in paraffin oil. The compounds in this blend are known to be detected by odorant receptors (ORs) in other species, and were thus designed to identify possible ORs housed in the grooved peg sensilla of Rhodnius spp [40] [41] [42] [43] .
5
Electrochemical Characterization of Inorganic Compounds
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NaCl, K3[Fe(CN)6], K4[Fe(CN)6], NaOH, H3PO4 (≧85%), KH2PO4, K2HPO4, H2SO4 (≧99%), NiSO4, CdCl2, CoCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2, aniline, paraffin oil, and graphite powder are from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) with pro analytical grade. The bismuth powder was supplied from Sigma-Aldrich and the Whatman 42 filter paper was obtained from Cytiva. Ultrapure water was prepared by a Module E-pure D4642-33 instrument (Barnstead) with a resistivity ≥18 MΩ.
6
Formulation and Characterization of Abil EM 90
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Abil EM 90 was procured from Franken Chemicals, Germany, paraffin oil from Merck, Germany, methanol and phosphoric acid from BDH, England. Deionized water was obtained in the Pharmaceutical Labs of Department of Pharmacy, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur-Pakistan.
7
Nitroxynil-Based Electrochemical Analysis
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Nitroxynil ((B.N.0000124001) was kindly provided by Natco. Lab. Chemical Reagents Co., Cairo, Egypt; its purity was certified to be 100.12%). PIONIX 25% vials [B.N. 140429] each 100-mL vial contains 25 gm NTX (Allam Pharmaceutical Industries Co., Cairo, Egypt). Graphite powder (size, < 20 μm, synthetic, Molecular Weight:12.01 g/mol, CAS Number: 7782-42-5, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and paraffin oil (viscous liquid, density 0.827–0.890 g/mL at 20 °C, CAS Number: 8012-95-1, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).
Food products: bovine meat, kidney, fat, and milk samples were purchased from the local shop. Britton-Robinson buffer (BRb) was prepared as a mixture of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and boric acid of identical concentrations (0.04 M) each, and adjusted to pH with definite volumes of 0.4 M NaOH to prepare a wide pH range (2.2–12). Methanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Throughout the study, deionized water was used to prepare all solutions.
Food products: bovine meat, kidney, fat, and milk samples were purchased from the local shop. Britton-Robinson buffer (BRb) was prepared as a mixture of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and boric acid of identical concentrations (0.04 M) each, and adjusted to pH with definite volumes of 0.4 M NaOH to prepare a wide pH range (2.2–12). Methanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Throughout the study, deionized water was used to prepare all solutions.
8
Electrochemical Investigation of Mitoxantrone
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Electrochemical investigation was performed by electrochemical workstation model Ivium-Vertex connected to an electrochemical Cell (Azar electrode Company, Iran). Moreover, the I-V signals were displayed based on the Ag/AgCl/KClsat reference electrode's potential. Mitoxantrone hydrochloride, ZIF-8, BMIMF, and DNA (Calf Thymus) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Also, carbon powder and paraffin oil were obtained from Merck Company. In addition, phosphoric acid, boric acid, acetic acid, and Tris hydrochloride were purchased from Across Company. Notably, the stock solution of Mitoxantrone hydrochloride (0.001 M) was prepared by dissolving 0.517 g Mitoxantrone hydrochloride in 100 mL distillated water under the stirring conditions.
9
Embryo Culture Optimization for Blastocyst Development
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Embryos were cultured in groups of 10 in 20 μl drops of either G1 (Vitrolife) under paraffin oil (Merck, New Jersey, USA) for the first 48 h at 37oC in 5% O2, 6% CO2 and 89% N2. Embryos were then washed and cultured in G2 (Vitrolife) for a further 48 h to the blastocyst stage. Blastocyst development was scored at 20 h culture (cleavage), 42 h culture (compaction), 78 h culture (early blastocyst) and 96 h culture (late blastocyst) was scored at 96 h of culture (late blastocyst). Development post 20 h was expressed as percentage of on time embryos as a proportion of 2-cell cleavage. All embryo culture dishes were prepared 4 h prior to embryo culture to allow for gassing and temperature equilibration.
10
Antimicrobial Formulation Development
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The test organisms, P. acne (ATCC 6919) and S. epidermidis (ATCC 14990) were obtained from the microbial culture collection section of the Biotechnology Department of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Paraffin oil, Stearic acid, Tween80, Span20, Bees wax and Cetomacrogol were purchased from Merck, Germany. Clindamycin was taken from sigma. All reagents used were of analytical grade.
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