Interleukin 6 (il 6)

Fudosteine (Fud, purity ≥98%) was purchased from Feiyu Biological Technology (Nantong, Jiangsu, China). SU11274 (a selective HGF antagonist, purity ≥98%) was purchased from ApexBio (Houston, TX, USA). LPS was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). TNF-α was purchased from Peprotech (Rocky Hill, USA). Anti-HGF (BS6234) was purchased from Bioworld (St. Paul, MN, USA). Anti-p-ERK (#4377S) and the HRP-coupled secondary antibody (#7074S or #7076S) were purchased from Cell Signal Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Anti-MUC5AC (sc-21701) and anti-EGFR (sc-80543) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-CD11b (101206) was purchased from Biolegend (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-ERK (51068-1-AP) and anti-GAPDH (HRP-60004) were purchased from Proteintech (Chicago, IL, USA). HGF, MUC5AC, IL-6 and IL-13 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from Elabscience Biotechnology (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Phenol red was purchased from Maikun Chemical (Shanghai, China). Rotring ink was obtained from Rotring (Hamburg, Germany).

IND (Endol 25 mg; 25 cap.) was purchased from DEVA Holding A.S. (Istanbul, Turkey); esomeprazole (ESO; Nexium 40 mg; 28 tablets) was procured from Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceutical Company (Istanbul, Turkey). Sephadex LH20 column was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α were purchased from Elabscience (Houston, TX, USA). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant capacity (TOC) colorimetric kits were purchased from Rel Assay Diagnostics (Gaziantep, Turkey). Hematoxylin–eosin (H and E) was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Nrf2 (Anti-Nrf2 antibody, Catalog #: ab31163), HO-1 (Anti-HO-1 antibody, Catalog #: ab13243), and IL-33 (Anti-IL-33 antibody, Catalog #: ab118503) were obtained from Abcam (Boston, MA, USA). Fluorescein-5-Isothiocyanate (FITC; secondary antibody, Catalog #: ab6785) and Texas Red (secondary antibody, Catalog #: ab6719) were purchased from Abcam (Boston, MA, USA).

Recombinant human IL-27 was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Lipopolysaccharide was obtained from Sigma (USA). IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β ELISA kits were purchased from Elabscience (USA). Beta-actin antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). A mouse IL-27 antibody was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The human WSX-1 antibody was obtained from Bioss (Beijing, China). p-ERK, T-ERK, p-JNK, and T-JNK antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (LY3214996) was purchased from MCE (USA). The concentration of DMSO was 0.1% (vol/vol) for all data subsets.

The kidneys were weighed and the tissue was cut up and homogenized by adding PBS at a weight-to-volume ratio of 1:9. The homogenate was broken up by ultrasound. The homogenate was centrifuged at 2–8 °C, 1500× g for 10 min, and the supernatant was taken for MDA (Jiancheng, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China), T-SOD (Jiancheng, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China), IL-6 (Elabscience, Wuhan, Hubei, China) and IL-12 (Elabscience, Wuhan, Hubei, China) assay. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, KIM-1 and NGAL in serum were quantified using assay kits (Elabscience, Wuhan, Hubei, China). UP was quantified using assay kits (Jiancheng, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China).

Inflammatory cytokines in the blood were assessed by ELISA kits specific for rats to detect TNF-α (Elabscience, Texas, United States, Cat no: E-EL-R0019), IL-1β (Elabscience, Texas, United States, Cat no: E-EL-R0012), and IL-6 (Elabscience, Texas, United States, Cat no: E EL R0015).

Ghee was purchased from Crispo, Crispo-Tato (M) Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Calcium and vitamin D3 were purchased from Eurobio Sdn. Bhd. (Victoria, Australia). Sodium pentobarbitone was purchased from Alfasan Woerden. STZ was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany, and used to induce experimental diabetes. SOD (Catalog No: E-BC-K020-M), CAT (Catalog No: E-BC-K031-M), GSH (Catalog No: E-BC-K030-M), T-AOC (Catalog No: E-BC-K219-M), MDA (Catalog No: E-EL-0060), IL-6 (Catalog No: E-EL-0060), TGF-β (Catalog No: E-EL-0162), and CTGF (Catalog No: E-EL-R0259) kits were purchased from Elabscience, China. Other chemicals were of the highest analytical grade available from local suppliers.